Z Table For Normal Distribution
Contents
What is the Z table formula for the normal distribution?
Z = (X – μ) / σ where X is a normal random variable, μ is the mean of X, and σ is the standard deviation of X. You can also find the normal distribution formula here.
What is the Z table in normal distribution statistics?
How to Use the Z-Score Table (Standard Normal Table) A Z-score table, also called the standard normal table, is a mathematical table that allows us to know the percentage of values below (usually a decimal figure) to the left of a given Z-score on a (SND). 
The standard normal distribution represents all possible Z-scores in a visual format. The total area under this curve is 1, or 100% when expressed as a percentage. Each Z-score corresponds to a specific area under this curve. A Z-table is kind of like a cheat sheet that statisticians and mathematicians use to quickly figure out what percentage of scores are above or below a certain Z-score.
How do you use the normal distribution table for z-score?
How to Use a Z-Table – A z-table tells you the area underneath a normal distribution curve, to the left of the z-score. In other words, it tells you the probability for a particular z-score. To use one, first turn your data into a normal distribution. Then find the matching z-score to the left of the table and align it with the z-score at the top of the table. 
ACT and SAT score means and normal distributions. Note, these aren’t the actual score means and distribution in real life. | Image: Michael Galarnyk Since these scores on these tests have a normal distribution, we can convert both of them into standard normal distributions by using the following formula.
How is the Z table calculated?
Z-Score Probability Calculator – Left tail probability: Right tail probability: Here is an example of how a z-score applies to a real life situation and how it can be calculated using a z-table. Imagine a group of 200 applicants who took a math test. George was among the test takers and he got 700 points (X) out of 1000. The average score was 600 (µ) and the standard deviation was 150 (σ). Now we would like to know how well George performed compared to his peers. We need to standardize his score (i.e. calculate a z-score corresponding to his actual test score) and use a z-table to determine how well he did on the test relative to his peers. In order to derive the z-score we need to use the following formula: Therefore: Z score = (700-600) / 150 = 0.67 Now, in order to figure out how well George did on the test we need to determine the percentage of his peers who go higher and lower scores. That’s where z-table (i.e. standard normal distribution table) comes handy. If you noticed there are two z-tables with negative and positive values. If a z-score calculation yields a negative standardized score refer to the 1st table, when positive used the 2nd table. For George’s example we need to use the 2nd table as his test result corresponds to a positive z-score of 0.67. Finding a corresponding probability is fairly easy. Find the first two digits on the y axis (0.6 in our example). Then go to the x axis to find the second decimal number (0.07 in this case). The number is 0.7486. Multiply this number by 100 to get percentages. So 0.7486 x 100 = 74.86%. This means that almost 75% of the students scored lower than George and only 25% scored higher.75% out of 200 students is 150. George did better than 150 students. Q: What is a z-score? A: A z-score is a statistical measure that tells us how many standard deviations a data point is from the mean of a dataset. The z-score is obtained by taking the difference between the data point and the mean, and dividing it by the standard deviation. Q: Why are z-scores useful? A: Z-scores are useful because they allow us to compare data points from different datasets that have different scales and units of measurement. By standardizing the data, we can make meaningful comparisons and identify outliers and extreme values. Q: How do you interpret a z-score? A: A z-score of 0 indicates that the data point corresponds to the mean. When the z-score is positive, it signifies that the data point lies above the mean, and when the z-score is negative, it denotes that the data point is below the mean. Furthermore, the magnitude of the z-score quantifies the distance between the data point and the mean in terms of standard deviations. Q: What is a good z-score? A: A z-score of +/- 1.96 or greater is considered statistically significant at the 5% level of significance (i.e., p < 0.05). This means that the data point is significantly different from the mean at a 95% confidence level.
- Q: How do you calculate a z-score in Excel?
- Q: Can a z-score be negative?
- Q: How do you use z-scores to identify outliers?
A: You can calculate a z-score in Excel using the formula: = (data point – mean) / standard deviation. For example, if your data point is in cell A1, and your mean and standard deviation are in cells B1 and C1, respectively, the formula would be: =(A1-B1)/C1.A: Yes, a z-score can be negative if the data point is below the mean.
- This means that the data point is below average and further away from the mean in the negative direction.
- A: Z-scores can be used to identify outliers by looking for data points that are more than 3 standard deviations away from the mean.
- These data points are considered to be extreme values and may be due to measurement error or other factors that are not representative of the dataset as a whole.
Q: What is the relationship between z-scores and normal distribution? A: Z-scores are used in conjunction with the normal distribution to standardize and compare data across different datasets. The normal distribution is a probability distribution that is often used to model real-world phenomena, and z-scores allow us to convert any normal distribution into a standard normal distribution with a mean of zero and an SD (standard deviation) of one.
Z-scores are a powerful tool for analyzing data by standardizing the data points to a common scale. Here are some common z-score problems with detailed explanations: Problem 1: The mean height of a group of students is 65 inches, with a standard deviation of 3 inches. What is the z-score for a student who is 70 inches tall? Solution: To find the z-score, we use the formula: z = (x – mean) / standard deviation.
Plugging in the values, we get: z = (70 – 65) / 3 = 1.67 The z-score for a student who is 70 inches tall is 1.67, which means that this student’s height is 1.67 standard deviations above the mean height of the group. Problem 2: A company has 100 employees, with an average salary of $50,000 and a standard deviation of $5,000.
- What is the z-score for an employee who earns $60,000? Solution: To find the z-score, we use the formula: z = (x – mean) / standard deviation.
- Plugging in the values, we get: z = (60,000 – 50,000) / 5,000 = 2 The z-score for an employee who earns $60,000 is 2, which means that this employee’s salary is 2 standard deviations above the average salary of the company.
Problem 3: A survey of 250 people found that the average income of the participants was $50,000, with a standard deviation of $10,000. What is the z-score for a participant who earns $70,000? Solution: To find the z-score, we use the formula: z = (x – mean) / standard deviation.
How do you use the Z table?
Z Score Table Download – There are two methods to read the Z-table: Case 1 : Use the Z-table to see the area under the value (x) The first column in the Z-table top row corresponds to the Z-values and all the numbers in the middle correspond to the areas. For example, a Z-score of -1.53 has an area of 0.0630 to the left of it. In other words, p(Z<-1.53) = 0.0630. 
The standard normal table is also used to determine the area to the right of any Z-value by subtracting the area on the left from 1. Simply, 1-Area Left = Area right For example, a Z-score of 0.83 has an area of 0.7967 to the left of it. So, the Area to the right is 1 – 0.7967 = 0.2033. 
Case 2 : Use the Z-table to see what that score is associated with a specific area. P(o<=Z<=x)
Pick the right Z row by reading down the right column. Read across the top to find the decimal space. Finally, find the intersection and multiply by 100.
For example, the Value of Z corresponds to an area of 0.9750 to the left of it is 1.96. 
Can Z test be used for normal distribution?
All Z tests assume your data follow a normal distribution. However, due to the central limit theorem, you can ignore this assumption when your sample is large enough. The following sample size guidelines indicate when normality becomes less of a concern: One-Sample: 20 or more observations.
What is the Z table rule?
The z-table is divided into two sections, negative and positive z-scores. Negative z-scores are below the mean, while positive z-scores are above the mean. Row and column headers define the z-score while table cells represent the area.
What is Z distribution table?
Z-Score Table | Formula, Distribution Table, Chart & Example A standard normal table (also called the unit normal table or z-score table) is a mathematical table for the values of ϕ, indicating the values of the cumulative distribution function of the,
Are all Z distributions normal?
Standard Normal Distributions and Z Scores – A normal distribution that is standardized (so that it has a mean of 0 and a S.D. of 1) is called the standard normal distribution, which represents a distribution of z -scores. The formula to convert a sample mean, X, to a z -score, is: where m is the population mean, s is the population standard deviation, and N is the sample size.
Note that converting values, such as sample means, to z scores does NOT change the shape of the distribution. The distribution of z scores is normal if and only if the distribution of the values is normal. Depending upon the sample size and the shape of the population distribution, the sampling distribution of means may be very close to a normal distribution even when the population distribution is not normal.
By converting normally distributed values into z -scores, we can ascertain the probabilities of obtaining specific ranges of scores using either a table for the standard normal distribution (i.e., a z-table) or a calculator like, Caution : It is not appropriate to use the z -table to find probabilities unless you are confident that the shape of your distribution of interest is very close to the normal distribution! : Review of Z-Scores and the Normal Distribution
What test is used for normal distribution?
Methods used for test of normality of data – An assessment of the normality of data is a prerequisite for many statistical tests because normal data is an underlying assumption in parametric testing. There are two main methods of assessing normality: Graphical and numerical (including statistical tests). Statistical tests have the advantage of making an objective judgment of normality but have the disadvantage of sometimes not being sensitive enough at low sample sizes or overly sensitive to large sample sizes. Graphical interpretation has the advantage of allowing good judgment to assess normality in situations when numerical tests might be over or undersensitive. Although normality assessment using graphical methods need a great deal of the experience to avoid the wrong interpretations. If we do not have a good experience, it is the best to rely on the numerical methods. There are various methods available to test the normality of the continuous data, out of them, most popular methods are Shapiro–Wilk test, Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, skewness, kurtosis, histogram, box plot, P–P Plot, Q–Q Plot, and mean with SD. The two well-known tests of normality, namely, the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test and the Shapiro–Wilk test are most widely used methods to test the normality of the data. Normality tests can be conducted in the statistical software “SPSS” (analyze → descriptive statistics → explore → plots → normality plots with tests). The Shapiro–Wilk test is more appropriate method for small sample sizes (<50 samples) although it can also be handling on larger sample size while Kolmogorov–Smirnov test is used for n ≥50. For both of the above tests, null hypothesis states that data are taken from normal distributed population. When P > 0.05, null hypothesis accepted and data are called as normally distributed. Skewness is a measure of symmetry, or more precisely, the lack of symmetry of the normal distribution. Kurtosis is a measure of the peakedness of a distribution. The original kurtosis value is sometimes called kurtosis (proper). Most of the statistical packages such as SPSS provide “excess” kurtosis (also called kurtosis ) obtained by subtracting 3 from the kurtosis (proper). A distribution, or data set, is symmetric if it looks the same to the left and right of the center point. If mean, median, and mode of a distribution coincide, then it is called a symmetric distribution, that is, skewness = 0, kurtosis (excess) = 0. A distribution is called approximate normal if skewness or kurtosis (excess) of the data are between − 1 and + 1. Although this is a less reliable method in the small-to-moderate sample size (i.e., n <300) because it can not adjust the standard error (as the sample size increases, the standard error decreases). To overcome this problem, a z -test is applied for normality test using skewness and kurtosis. A Z score could be obtained by dividing the skewness values or excess kurtosis value by their standard errors. For small sample size ( n <50), z value ± 1.96 are sufficient to establish normality of the data. However, medium-sized samples (50≤ n <300), at absolute z -value ± 3.29, conclude the distribution of the sample is normal. For sample size >300, normality of the data is depend on the histograms and the absolute values of skewness and kurtosis. Either an absolute skewness value ≤2 or an absolute kurtosis (excess) ≤4 may be used as reference values for determining considerable normality. A histogram is an estimate of the probability distribution of a continuous variable. If the graph is approximately bell-shaped and symmetric about the mean, we can assume normally distributed data, In statistics, a Q–Q plot is a scatterplot created by plotting two sets of quantiles (observed and expected) against one another. For normally distributed data, observed data are approximate to the expected data, that is, they are statistically equal, A P–P plot (probability–probability plot or percent–percent plot) is a graphical technique for assessing how closely two data sets (observed and expected) agree. It forms an approximate straight line when data are normally distributed. Departures from this straight line indicate departures from normality, Box plot is another way to assess the normality of the data. It shows the median as a horizontal line inside the box and the IQR (range between the first and third quartile) as the length of the box. The whiskers (line extending from the top and bottom of the box) represent the minimum and maximum values when they are within 1.5 times the IQR from either end of the box (i.e., Q1 − 1.5* IQR and Q3 + 1.5* IQR). Scores >1.5 times and 3 times the IQR are out of the box plot and are considered as outliers and extreme outliers, respectively. A box plot that is symmetric with the median line at approximately the center of the box and with symmetric whiskers indicate that the data may have come from a normal distribution. In case many outliers are present in our data set, either outliers are need to remove or data should treat as nonnormally distributed, Another method of normality of the data is relative value of the SD with respect to mean. If SD is less than half mean (i.e., CV <50%), data are considered normal. This is the quick method to test the normality. However this method should only be used when our sample size is at least 50. Histogram showing the distribution of the mean arterial pressure Normal Q–Q Plot showing correlation between observed and expected values of the mean arterial pressure Normal P–P Plot showing correlation between observed and expected cumulative probability of the mean arterial pressure Boxplot showing distribution of the mean arterial pressure For example in Table 1, data of MAP of the 15 patients are given. Normality of the above data was assessed. Result showed that data were normally distributed as skewness (0.398) and kurtosis (−0.825) individually were within ±1. Critical ratio ( Z value) of the skewness (0.686) and kurtosis (−0.737) were within ±1.96, also evident to normally distributed. Similarly, Shapiro–Wilk test ( P = 0.454) and Kolmogorov–Smirnov test ( P = 0.200) were statistically insignificant, that is, data were considered normally distributed. As sample size is <50, we have to take Shapiro–Wilk test result and Kolmogorov–Smirnov test result must be avoided, although both methods indicated that data were normally distributed. As SD of the MAP was less than half mean value (11.01 <48.73), data were considered normally distributed, although due to sample size <50, we should avoid this method because it should use when our sample size is at least 50,
What is the difference between Z and Z in normal distribution?
Statistics question: Difference between Z and z
Hello,I have a straight forward question, that I hope you can help with.What is the difference between using the following formulas and when do you use one over the other:Z = (X – μ) / σ, andz = (X-bar – μ) / (σ / √n)
In the CFA material, question 3B for reading 10, they use the formula z = (X-bar – μ) / (σ / √n) to calculate the probability of a -2.0 percent or lower average return, given a population mean and standard deviation. Could someone explain why not use the other formula for this? I believe that Z is simply to normalize in order to obtain a standard normal distribution.
Once you normalize, you will have a N–(0,1) and be able to use probabilities based on a standard normal distribution. For the z, I think this is the formula for the test statitics. So basically, they are used for two different purposes. One is to obtain a normalized variable in order to be able to use a standard normal distribution.
The other is used for hypothesis testing. cfageist: I believe that Z is simply to normalize in order to obtain a standard normal distribution. Once you normalize, you will have a N–(0,1) and be able to use probabilities based on a standard normal distribution.
- For the z, I think this is the formula for the test statitics.
- So basically, they are used for two different purposes.
- One is to obtain a normalized variable in order to be able to use a standard normal distribution.
- The other is used for hypothesis testing.
- Not entirely correct.
- This is associated with another post from yesterday: Use Z = (X – μ) / σ when you know the population mean and variance.
In practice, you never know the population mean and variance. Hence, we resort to sampling, When you sample data, there are estimation errors. The standard error of the standard deviation (think of this as standard deviation of standard deviation) is σ / √n if you know the population variance; if you don’t know the population variance, you resort to using the sample variance, s / √n.
- Use z = (X-bar – μ) / (σ / √n) when population variance is known.
- Again, the idea is, you’re trying to obtain a point estimate of the population – you want to be as accurate and precise as possible.
- You can’t get any better than the estimate itself (i.e.
- The population mean or variance).
- Use z = (X-bar – μ) / ( s / √n) when sample variance is known.
The CFAI curriculum does a poor job of explaining this, but just remember to use the population mean/variance if they’re already known. They could have an example that supplies all four values – population mean, population variance, sample mean, and sample variance.
- Here, you already know your point estimates, so why would you use the sampled data? Think of this in terms of S&P 500 returns – if you already know the mean and standard deviation of the entire index, why would you use sampling! So when you know all four values, use Z = (X – μ) / σ.
- Hope this helps.
- Also, don’t confuse this topic with hypothesis testing.
The above explanation mostly focuses on confidence intervals and looking up probabilities using the z-table. Thanks for the rectification Aether Thanks, Aether, that makes it clearer. I agree with you that this is not very well explained in the book but your answer helped.
What are Z tables in statistics?
Z-Score Table. A z-table, also known as the standard normal table, provides the area under the curve to the left of a z-score. This area represents the probability that z-values will fall within a region of the standard normal distribution.
What is the Z symbol in normal distribution?
The Standard Normal Distribution Z and Its Probabilities – The standard normal distribution is a normal distribution with mean μ = 0 and standard deviation σ = 1. The letter Z is often used to denote a random variable that follows this standard normal distribution.
One way to compute probabilities for a normal distribution is to use tables that give probabilities for the standard one, since it would be impossible to keep different tables for each combination of mean and standard deviation. The standard normal distribution can represent any normal distribution, provided you think in terms of the number of standard deviations above or below the mean instead of the actual units (e.g., dollars) of the situation.
The standard normal distribution is shown in Figure 7.3.4, 
Figure 7.3.4, The standard normal distribution Z with mean value μ = 0 and standard deviation σ = 1. The standard normal distribution may be used to represent any normal distribution, provided you think in terms of the number of standard deviations above or below the mean.
The standard normal probability table, shown in Table 7.3.1, gives the probability that a standard normal random variable Z is less than any given number z, For example, the probability of being less than 1.38 is 0.9162, illustrated as an area in Figure 7.3.5, Doesn’t it look like about 90% of the area? To find this number (0.9162), look up the value z = 1.38 in the standard normal probability table.
While you’re at it, look up 2.35 (to find 0.9906), 0 (to find 0.5000), and −0.82 (to find 0.2061). What is the probability corresponding to the value z = 0.36? Table 7.3.1, Standard Normal Probability Table (See Figure 7.3.5 )
| z Value | Probability | z Value | Probability | z Value | Probability | z Value | Probability | z Value | Probability | z Value | Probability |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| −2.00 | 0.0228 | −1.00 | 0.1587 | 0.00 | 0.5000 | 0.00 | 0.5000 | 1.00 | 0.8413 | 2.00 | 0.9772 |
| −2.01 | 0.0222 | −1.01 | 0.1562 | −0.01 | 0.4960 | 0.01 | 0.5040 | 1.01 | 0.8438 | 2.01 | 0.9778 |
| −2.02 | 0.0217 | −1.02 | 0.1539 | −0.02 | 0.4920 | 0.02 | 0.5080 | 1.02 | 0.8461 | 2.02 | 0.9783 |
| −2.03 | 0.0212 | −1.03 | 0.1515 | −0.03 | 0.4880 | 0.03 | 0.5120 | 1.03 | 0.8485 | 2.03 | 0.9788 |
| −2.04 | 0.0207 | −1.04 | 0.1492 | −0.04 | 0.4840 | 0.04 | 0.5160 | 1.04 | 0.8508 | 2.04 | 0.9793 |
| −2.05 | 0.0202 | −1.05 | 0.1469 | −0.05 | 0.4801 | 0.05 | 0.5199 | 1.05 | 0.8531 | 2.05 | 0.9798 |
| −2.06 | 0.0197 | −1.06 | 0.1446 | −0.06 | 0.4761 | 0.06 | 0.5239 | 1.06 | 0.8554 | 2.06 | 0.9803 |
| −2.07 | 0.0192 | −1.07 | 0.1423 | −0.07 | 0.4721 | 0.07 | 0.5279 | 1.07 | 0.8577 | 2.07 | 0.9808 |
| −2.08 | 0.0188 | −1.08 | 0.1401 | −0.08 | 0.4681 | 0.08 | 0.5319 | 1.08 | 0.8599 | 2.08 | 0.9812 |
| −2.09 | 0.0183 | −1.09 | 0.1379 | −0.09 | 0.4641 | 0.09 | 0.5359 | 1.09 | 0.8621 | 2.09 | 0.9817 |
| −2.10 | 0.0179 | −1.10 | 0.1357 | −0.10 | 0.4602 | 0.10 | 0.5398 | 1.10 | 0.8643 | 2.10 | 0.9821 |
| −2.11 | 0.0174 | −1.11 | 0.1335 | −0.11 | 0.4562 | 0.11 | 0.5438 | 1.11 | 0.8665 | 2.11 | 0.9826 |
| −2.12 | 0.0170 | −1.12 | 0.1314 | −0.12 | 0.4522 | 0.12 | 0.5478 | 1.12 | 0.8686 | 2.12 | 0.9830 |
| −2.13 | 0.0166 | −1.13 | 0.1292 | −0.13 | 0.4483 | 0.13 | 0.5517 | 1.13 | 0.8708 | 2.13 | 0.9834 |
| −2.14 | 0.0162 | −1.14 | 0.1271 | −0.14 | 0.4443 | 0.14 | 0.5557 | 1.14 | 0.8729 | 2.14 | 0.9838 |
| −2.15 | 0.0158 | −1.15 | 0.1251 | −0.15 | 0.4404 | 0.15 | 0.5596 | 1.15 | 0.8749 | 2.15 | 0.9842 |
| −2.16 | 0.0154 | −1.16 | 0.1230 | −0.16 | 0.4364 | 0.16 | 0.5636 | 1.16 | 0.8770 | 2.16 | 0.9846 |
| −2.17 | 0.0150 | −1.17 | 0.1210 | −0.17 | 0.4325 | 0.17 | 0.5675 | 1.17 | 0.8790 | 2.17 | 0.9850 |
| −2.18 | 0.0146 | −1.18 | 0.1190 | −0.18 | 0.4286 | 0.18 | 0.5714 | 1.18 | 0.8810 | 2.18 | 0.9854 |
| −2.19 | 0.0143 | −1.19 | 0.1170 | −0.19 | 0.4247 | 0.19 | 0.5753 | 1.19 | 0.8830 | 2.19 | 0.9857 |
| −2.20 | 0.0139 | −1.20 | 0.1151 | −0.20 | 0.4207 | 0.20 | 0.5793 | 1.20 | 0.8849 | 2.20 | 0.9861 |
| −2.21 | 0.0136 | −1.21 | 0.1131 | −0.21 | 0.4168 | 0.21 | 0.5832 | 1.21 | 0.8869 | 2.21 | 0.9864 |
| −2.22 | 0.0132 | −1.22 | 0.1112 | −0.22 | 0.4129 | 0.22 | 0.5871 | 1.22 | 0.8888 | 2.22 | 0.9868 |
| −2.23 | 0.0129 | −1.23 | 0.1093 | −0.23 | 0.4090 | 0.23 | 0.5910 | 1.23 | 0.8907 | 2.23 | 0.9871 |
| −2.24 | 0.0125 | −1.24 | 0.1075 | −0.24 | 0.4052 | 0.24 | 0.5948 | 1.24 | 0.8925 | 2.24 | 0.9875 |
| −2.25 | 0.0122 | −1.25 | 0.1056 | −0.25 | 0.4013 | 0.25 | 0.5987 | 1.25 | 0.8944 | 2.25 | 0.9878 |
| −2.26 | 0.0119 | −1.26 | 0.1038 | −0.26 | 0.3974 | 0.26 | 0.6026 | 1.26 | 0.8962 | 2.26 | 0.9881 |
| −2.27 | 0.0116 | −1.27 | 0.1020 | −0.27 | 0.3936 | 0.27 | 0.6064 | 1.27 | 0.8980 | 2.27 | 0.9884 |
| −2.28 | 0.0113 | −1.28 | 0.1003 | −0.28 | 0.3897 | 0.28 | 0.6103 | 1.28 | 0.8997 | 2.28 | 0.9887 |
| −2.29 | 0.0110 | −1.29 | 0.0985 | −0.29 | 0.3859 | 0.29 | 0.6141 | 1.29 | 0.9015 | 2.29 | 0.9890 |
| −2.30 | 0.0107 | −1.30 | 0.0968 | −0.30 | 0.3821 | 0.30 | 0.6179 | 1.30 | 0.9032 | 2.30 | 0.9893 |
| −2.31 | 0.0104 | −1.31 | 0.0951 | −0.31 | 0.3783 | 0.31 | 0.6217 | 1.31 | 0.9049 | 2.31 | 0.9896 |
| −2.32 | 0.0102 | −1.32 | 0.0934 | −0.32 | 0.3745 | 0.32 | 0.6255 | 1.32 | 0.9066 | 2.32 | 0.9898 |
| −2.33 | 0.0099 | −1.33 | 0.0918 | −0.33 | 0.3707 | 0.33 | 0.6293 | 1.33 | 0.9082 | 2.33 | 0.9901 |
| −2.34 | 0.0096 | −1.34 | 0.0901 | −0.34 | 0.3669 | 0.34 | 0.6331 | 1.34 | 0.9099 | 2.34 | 0.9904 |
| −2.35 | 0.0094 | −1.35 | 0.0885 | −0.35 | 0.3632 | 0.35 | 0.6368 | 1.35 | 0.9115 | 2.35 | 0.9906 |
| −2.36 | 0.0091 | −1.36 | 0.0869 | −0.36 | 0.3594 | 0.36 | 0.6406 | 1.36 | 0.9131 | 2.36 | 0.9909 |
| −2.37 | 0.0089 | −1.37 | 0.0853 | −0.37 | 0.3557 | 0.37 | 0.6443 | 1.37 | 0.9147 | 2.37 | 0.9911 |
| −2.38 | 0.0087 | −1.38 | 0.0838 | −0.38 | 0.3520 | 0.38 | 0.6480 | 1.38 | 0.9162 | 2.38 | 0.9913 |
| −2.39 | 0.0084 | −1.39 | 0.0823 | −0.39 | 0.3483 | 0.39 | 0.6517 | 1.39 | 0.9177 | 2.39 | 0.9916 |
| −2.40 | 0.0082 | −1.40 | 0.0808 | −0.40 | 0.3446 | 0.40 | 0.6554 | 1.40 | 0.9192 | 2.40 | 0.9918 |
| −2.41 | 0.0080 | −1.41 | 0.0793 | −0.41 | 0.3409 | 0.41 | 0.6591 | 1.41 | 0.9207 | 2.41 | 0.9920 |
| −2.42 | 0.0078 | −1.42 | 0.0778 | −0.42 | 0.3372 | 0.42 | 0.6628 | 1.42 | 0.9222 | 2.42 | 0.9922 |
| −2.43 | 0.0075 | −1.43 | 0.0764 | −0.43 | 0.3336 | 0.43 | 0.6664 | 1.43 | 0.9236 | 2.43 | 0.9925 |
| −2.44 | 0.0073 | −1.44 | 0.0749 | −0.44 | 0.3300 | 0.44 | 0.6700 | 1.44 | 0.9251 | 2.44 | 0.9927 |
| −2.45 | 0.0071 | −1.45 | 0.0735 | −0.45 | 0.3264 | 0.45 | 0.6736 | 1.45 | 0.9265 | 2.45 | 0.9929 |
| −2.46 | 0.0069 | −1.46 | 0.0721 | −0.46 | 0.3228 | 0.46 | 0.6772 | 1.46 | 0.9279 | 2.46 | 0.9931 |
| −2.47 | 0.0068 | −1.47 | 0.0708 | −0.47 | 0.3192 | 0.47 | 0.6808 | 1.47 | 0.9292 | 2.47 | 0.9932 |
| −2.48 | 0.0066 | −1.48 | 0.0694 | −0.48 | 0.3156 | 0.48 | 0.6844 | 1.48 | 0.9306 | 2.48 | 0.9934 |
| −2.49 | 0.0064 | −1.49 | 0.0681 | −0.49 | 0.3121 | 0.49 | 0.6879 | 1.49 | 0.9319 | 2.49 | 0.9936 |
| −2.50 | 0.0062 | −1.50 | 0.0668 | −0.50 | 0.3085 | 0.50 | 0.6915 | 1.50 | 0.9332 | 2.50 | 0.9938 |
| −2.51 | 0.0060 | −1.51 | 0.0655 | −0.51 | 0.3050 | 0.51 | 0.6950 | 1.51 | 0.9345 | 2.51 | 0.9940 |
| −2.52 | 0.0059 | −1.52 | 0.0643 | −0.52 | 0.3015 | 0.52 | 0.6985 | 1.52 | 0.9357 | 2.52 | 0.9941 |
| −2.53 | 0.0057 | −1.53 | 0.0630 | −0.53 | 0.2981 | 0.53 | 0.7019 | 1.53 | 0.9370 | 2.53 | 0.9943 |
| −2.54 | 0.0055 | −1.54 | 0.0618 | −0.54 | 0.2946 | 0.54 | 0.7054 | 1.54 | 0.9382 | 2.54 | 0.9945 |
| −2.55 | 0.0054 | −1.55 | 0.0606 | −0.55 | 0.2912 | 0.55 | 0.7088 | 1.55 | 0.9394 | 2.55 | 0.9946 |
| −2.56 | 0.0052 | −1.56 | 0.0594 | −0.56 | 0.2877 | 0.56 | 0.7123 | 1.56 | 0.9406 | 2.56 | 0.9948 |
| −2.57 | 0.0051 | −1.57 | 0.0582 | −0.57 | 0.2843 | 0.57 | 0.7157 | 1.57 | 0.9418 | 2.57 | 0.9949 |
| −2.58 | 0.0049 | −1.58 | 0.0571 | −0.58 | 0.2810 | 0.58 | 0.7190 | 1.58 | 0.9429 | 2.58 | 0.9951 |
| −2.59 | 0.0048 | −1.59 | 0.0559 | −0.59 | 0.2776 | 0.59 | 0.7224 | 1.59 | 0.9441 | 2.59 | 0.9952 |
| −2.60 | 0.0047 | −1.60 | 0.0548 | −0.60 | 0.2743 | 0.60 | 0.7257 | 1.60 | 0.9452 | 2.60 | 0.9953 |
| −2.61 | 0.0045 | −1.61 | 0.0537 | −0.61 | 0.2709 | 0.61 | 0.7291 | 1.61 | 0.9463 | 2.61 | 0.9955 |
| −2.62 | 0.0044 | −1.62 | 0.0526 | −0.62 | 0.2676 | 0.62 | 0.7324 | 1.62 | 0.9474 | 2.62 | 0.9956 |
| −2.63 | 0.0043 | −1.63 | 0.0516 | −0.63 | 0.2643 | 0.63 | 0.7357 | 1.63 | 0.9484 | 2.63 | 0.9957 |
| −2.64 | 0.0041 | −1.64 | 0.0505 | −0.64 | 0.2611 | 0.64 | 0.7389 | 1.64 | 0.9495 | 2.64 | 0.9959 |
| −2.65 | 0.0040 | −1.65 | 0.0495 | −0.65 | 0.2578 | 0.65 | 0.7422 | 1.65 | 0.9505 | 2.65 | 0.9960 |
| −2.66 | 0.0039 | −1.66 | 0.0485 | −0.66 | 0.2546 | 0.66 | 0.7454 | 1.66 | 0.9515 | 2.66 | 0.9961 |
| −2.67 | 0.0038 | −1.67 | 0.0475 | −0.67 | 0.2514 | 0.67 | 0.7486 | 1.67 | 0.9525 | 2.67 | 0.9962 |
| −2.68 | 0.0037 | −1.68 | 0.0465 | −0.68 | 0.2483 | 0.68 | 0.7517 | 1.68 | 0.9535 | 2.68 | 0.9963 |
| −2.69 | 0.0036 | −1.69 | 0.0455 | −0.69 | 0.2451 | 0.69 | 0.7549 | 1.69 | 0.9545 | 2.69 | 0.9964 |
| −2.70 | 0.0035 | −1.70 | 0.0446 | −0.70 | 0.2420 | 0.70 | 0.7580 | 1.70 | 0.9554 | 2.70 | 0.9965 |
| −2.71 | 0.0034 | −1.71 | 0.0436 | −0.71 | 0.2389 | 0.71 | 0.7611 | 1.71 | 0.9564 | 2.71 | 0.9966 |
| −2.72 | 0.0033 | −1.72 | 0.0427 | −0.72 | 0.2358 | 0.72 | 0.7642 | 1.72 | 0.9573 | 2.72 | 0.9967 |
| −2.73 | 0.0032 | −1.73 | 0.0418 | −0.73 | 0.2327 | 0.73 | 0.7673 | 1.73 | 0.9582 | 2.73 | 0.9968 |
| −2.74 | 0.0031 | −1.74 | 0.0409 | −0.74 | 0.2296 | 0.74 | 0.7704 | 1.74 | 0.9591 | 2.74 | 0.9969 |
| −2.75 | 0.0030 | −1.75 | 0.0401 | −0.75 | 0.2266 | 0.75 | 0.7734 | 1.75 | 0.9599 | 2.75 | 0.9970 |
| −2.76 | 0.0029 | −1.76 | 0.0392 | −0.76 | 0.2236 | 0.76 | 0.7764 | 1.76 | 0.9608 | 2.76 | 0.9971 |
| −2.77 | 0.0028 | −1.77 | 0.0384 | −0.77 | 0.2206 | 0.77 | 0.7794 | 1.77 | 0.9616 | 2.77 | 0.9972 |
| −2.78 | 0.0027 | −1.78 | 0.0375 | −0.78 | 0.2177 | 0.78 | 0.7823 | 1.78 | 0.9625 | 2.78 | 0.9973 |
| −2.79 | 0.0026 | −1.79 | 0.0367 | −0.79 | 0.2148 | 0.79 | 0.7852 | 1.79 | 0.9633 | 2.79 | 0.9974 |
| −2.80 | 0.0026 | −1.80 | 0.0359 | −0.80 | 0.2119 | 0.80 | 0.7881 | 1.80 | 0.9641 | 2.80 | 0.9974 |
| −2.81 | 0.0025 | −1.81 | 0.0351 | −0.81 | 0.2090 | 0.81 | 0.7910 | 1.81 | 0.9649 | 2.81 | 0.9975 |
| −2.82 | 0.0024 | −1.82 | 0.0344 | −0.82 | 0.2061 | 0.82 | 0.7939 | 1.82 | 0.9656 | 2.82 | 0.9976 |
| −2.83 | 0.0023 | −1.83 | 0.0336 | −0.83 | 0.2033 | 0.83 | 0.7967 | 1.83 | 0.9664 | 2.83 | 0.9977 |
| −2.84 | 0.0023 | −1.84 | 0.0329 | −0.84 | 0.2005 | 0.84 | 0.7995 | 1.84 | 0.9671 | 2.84 | 0.9977 |
| −2.85 | 0.0022 | −1.85 | 0.0322 | −0.85 | 0.1977 | 0.85 | 0.8023 | 1.85 | 0.9678 | 2.85 | 0.9978 |
| −2.86 | 0.0021 | −1.86 | 0.0314 | −0.86 | 0.1949 | 0.86 | 0.8051 | 1.86 | 0.9686 | 2.86 | 0.9979 |
| −2.87 | 0.0021 | −1.87 | 0.0307 | −0.87 | 0.1922 | 0.87 | 0.8078 | 1.87 | 0.9693 | 2.87 | 0.9979 |
| −2.88 | 0.0020 | −1.88 | 0.0301 | −0.88 | 0.1894 | 0.88 | 0.8106 | 1.88 | 0.9699 | 2.88 | 0.9980 |
| −2.89 | 0.0019 | −1.89 | 0.0294 | −0.89 | 0.1867 | 0.89 | 0.8133 | 1.89 | 0.9706 | 2.89 | 0.9981 |
| −2.90 | 0.0019 | −1.90 | 0.0287 | −0.90 | 0.1841 | 0.90 | 0.8159 | 1.90 | 0.9713 | 2.90 | 0.9981 |
| −2.91 | 0.0018 | −1.91 | 0.0281 | −0.91 | 0.1814 | 0.91 | 0.8186 | 1.91 | 0.9719 | 2.91 | 0.9982 |
| −2.92 | 0.0018 | −1.92 | 0.0274 | −0.92 | 0.1788 | 0.92 | 0.8212 | 1.92 | 0.9726 | 2.92 | 0.9982 |
| −2.93 | 0.0017 | −1.93 | 0.0268 | −0.93 | 0.1762 | 0.93 | 0.8238 | 1.93 | 0.9732 | 2.93 | 0.9983 |
| −2.94 | 0.0016 | −1.94 | 0.0262 | −0.94 | 0.1736 | 0.94 | 0.8264 | 1.94 | 0.9738 | 2.94 | 0.9984 |
| −2.95 | 0.0016 | −1.95 | 0.0256 | −0.95 | 0.1711 | 0.95 | 0.8289 | 1.95 | 0.9744 | 2.95 | 0.9984 |
| −2.96 | 0.0015 | −1.96 | 0.0250 | −0.96 | 0.1685 | 0.96 | 0.8315 | 1.96 | 0.9750 | 2.96 | 0.9985 |
| −2.97 | 0.0015 | −1.97 | 0.0244 | −0.97 | 0.1660 | 0.97 | 0.8340 | 1.97 | 0.9756 | 2.97 | 0.9985 |
| −2.98 | 0.0014 | −1.98 | 0.0239 | −0.98 | 0.1635 | 0.98 | 0.8365 | 1.98 | 0.9761 | 2.98 | 0.9986 |
| −2.99 | 0.0014 | −1.99 | 0.0233 | −0.99 | 0.1611 | 0.99 | 0.8389 | 1.99 | 0.9767 | 2.99 | 0.9986 |
| −3.00 | 0.0013 | −2.00 | 0.0228 | −1.00 | 0.1587 | 1.00 | 0.8413 | 2.00 | 0.9772 | 3.00 | 0.9987 |
img class=’aligncenter wp-image-189362 size-full’ src=’https://www.saradaschool.in/wp-content/uploads/2023/09/sejedihytevobody.jpg’ alt=’Z Table For Normal Distribution’ /> Figure 7.3.5, The probability that a standard normal random variable is less than z = 1.38 is 0.9162, as found in the standard normal probability table. This corresponds to the shaded region to the left of 1.38, which is 91.62% of the total area under the curve. Read full chapter URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123852083000079
