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Federalism is practiced in India in three major ways, including allowing the formation of states based on their linguistic characteristics, language policy, and restructuring of center-state relations, Federalism in India refers to the relationship between the central government and the state governments of India. The Constitution of India establishes the structure of the Government of India.

How is Indian federalism successful to give respect to diversity and desire for living together?

The real success of federalism in India can be attributed to the nature of democratic politics in our country. This ensured that the spirit of federalism, respect for diversity and desire for living together became a shared ideal in our country.

How language policy made India federal?

Formulae Handbook for Class 10 Maths and Science Q.1. Explain the major key features of federalism. Or Describe any four features of the federalism. Ans, (i) Two or more levels of government : Federalism is a system of government in which the governmental power is divided between a central authority and its various constituent units.

1. Usually, a federation has two levels of government.
2. One is the government for the entire country, and the other governments at the state or provincial level.
3. Ii) Same Citizens Separate jurisdiction : Different tiers of the government govern the same citizens, but each tier has its own jurisdiction in specific matters of legislation, taxation and administration.

(iii) Superiority of Constitution : The jurisdictions of the respective levels or tiers of the government are specified in the Constitution. So the existence and authority of each tier of the government are constitutionally safeguarded. ‘ (iv) Rigid Constitution : The fundamental provisions of the Constitution cannot be unilaterally changed by one level of the government. More Resources for CBSE Class 10

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Q.3. ‘India is a federal country.’ Explain by giving examples, Or Explain the three fold distribution of legislative powers between the Union Government and the State Governments. Or Mention any five main features which make India a federal country. Ans.

I) Division of powers : The Constitution demarcates the powers of the central and the state governments into different lists of subjects. There are three lists : (i) Union List. (ii) State List. (iii) Concurrent List. (ii) Three-tier system : As discussed earlier, under a federal government different tiers of the government govern the same citizens.

This is true for India. In India, we have a three-tier system of government, i.e., • Union Government • State Government • Local Self-Government. (iii) Not equal powers to all administrative units : Most of the federations that are formed by ‘holding together’ do not give equal powers to its constituent units.

• Thus, all states in the Indian Union do not have identical powers.
• Some states enjoy a special status.
• Jammu and Kashmir has its own Constitution.
• Many provisions of the Indian Constitution are not applicable to this state without the permission of the state assembly.
• Iv) Consent of both the levels of the government : Under a federal government, the fundamental provisions cannot be unilaterally changed by one level of the government, and the same is true for India.

The Parliament cannot on its own change the fundamental structure of the Constitution. implementation of constitutional provisions and procedures. The same is true for India. In case of any dispute about the division of powers, the High Courts and the Supreme Court take a decision.

• Vi) Separate sources of income : A clear mention regarding the financial powers of the centre and the states has been made in the Indian Constitution.
• Income tax, excise duty, corporation tax, etc., are levied and collected by the central government, whereas land revenue, stamp duty, building tax, etc., come under the state government.Q.4.

How is federalism practised in India ? Explain. Or ‘The real success of federalism in India can be attributed to the nature of democratic politics in India.’ Explain. Ans, (i) Linguistic States : After independence, in 1950, the boundaries of several old states were changed in order to create new states.

1. This was done to ensure that the people who spoke the same language, share common culture, ethnicity or geography could live in the same state.
2. Ii) Language Policy : The Indian Constitution did not give the status of national language to any one of the languages.
3. Though Hindi was identified as the optional language, but the central government has not imposed Hindi on states where people speak a different language.

Besides Hindi, there are 22 other languages recognised as Scheduled Languages by the Indian Constitution. (iii) Centre-State relations : Improving the Centre-State relations is one more way in which federalism has been strengthened in practice. Though Indian Constitution has demarcated the powers of the Union and the state governments but still the Union government can have influence over the state in many ways.

• In the past, the Central government has often misused the Constitution to dismiss the state governments that were controlled by rival parties.
• This undermined the spirit of federalism, and that of democracy.
• The judiciary has played a major role in improving the autonomy of the state governments because many a time, it has rescued state governments which were dismissed in an arbitrary manner.Q.5.

“The creation of linguistic states was the first and major test for democratic politics in our country.” Justify this statement. Ans. In 1947, the boundaries of several old States of India were changed in order to create new States. This was done to ensure that people who spoke the same language lived in the same State.

Some States were created not on the basis of language but to recognize differences based on culture, ethnicity or geography. These include States like Nagaland, Uttarakhand and Jharkhand. When the demand for the formation of States on the basis of language was raised, some national leaders feared that it would lead to the disintegration of the country.

The Central Government resisted linguistic States for some time. But the experience has shown that the formation of linguistic States has actually made the country more united. It has also made administration easier.Q.6. Explain how law making powers are shared between centre and states in India ? Mention three subjects each of Ans.

• Union List and State List.
• Or Describe the division of power between the central and the state governments in India.
• Or How are the powers divided between the states and centre ? Explain with examples. Ans.
• Union List includes subjects of national importance such as defence of the country, foreign affairs, banking, communications and currency.

They are included in this list because we need a uniform policy on these matters throughout the country. The Union Government alone can make laws relating to the subjects mentioned in the Union List. State List contains subjects of State and local importance such as police, trade, commerce, agriculture and irrigation.

The State Governments alone can make laws relating to the subjects mentioned in the State List. Concurrent List includes subjects of common interest to both the Union Government as well as the State Governments, such as education, forest, trade unions, marriage, adoption and succession. Both the Union as well as the State Governments can make laws on the subjects mentioned in this list.

If their laws conflict with each other, the law made by the Union Government will prevail. (i) Under a federal government, the fundamental provisions cannot be unilaterally changed by one level of the government and the same is true for India, (ii) The Parliament cannot on its own change the fundamental structure of the Constitution. Q.8. ‘Most federations that are formed by ‘holding together’ do not give equal power to its constituent units.’ Is it true for India ? Explain. Or “Holding together federations” do not give equal power to its constituent units. Explain the statement with the help of examples in context to India.

• Ans. Yes, the above statement is true for India.
• I) All states in the Indian Union do not have identical powers.
• Some states enjoy a special status.
• Jammu and Kashmir has its own Constitution.
• Many provisions of the Indian Constitution are not applicable to this state without the permission of the state assembly.

Indians who are not permanent residents of this state cannot buy land or house here. (ii) Similar special provisions exist for Assam and the hill states of North-East India. (iii) There are some units of Indian Union which enjoy very little power. These are areas which are too small to become an independent state but which could not be merged with any of the existing states.

• These areas, like Chandigarh, or Lakshadweep or the capital city of Delhi, are called the Union Territories.
• These territories do not have the powers of a state.
• The central government has special powers in running these areas.Q.9.
• Why were the linguistic states created? What are their advantages ? Ans.

(i) Common Language: Many states were created on the basis of language to ensure that people who speak the same language lived in the same state. (ii) Common culture, ethnicity or geography: Some States were created not on the basis of language but to recognise differences based on culture, ethnicity or geography.

• These include States like Nagaland, Uttarakhand and Jharkhand.
• Advantages : • The experience has shown that the formation of linguistic States has actually made the country, more united.
• It has also made administration easier.Q.10.
• Explain the language policy of Indian Federal.
• How is it different from Sri Lanka ? Or Write any four characteristics of language policy of India.

Or Describe in brief the language policy of India. Ans, (i) No National Language: Our Constitution did not give the status of national language to any one language. Hindi was identified as the official language. But Hindi is the mother tongue of only about 40 per cent of Indians.

• Therefore, there were many safeguards to protect other languages.
• Ii) Scheduled Languages: Besides Hindi, there are 22 other languages recognised as Scheduled Languages by the Constitution.
• A candidate in an examination conducted for the Central Government positions may opt to take the examination in any of these languages.

States too have their own official languages. Much of the government work takes place in the official language of the concerned State. (iii) Spread of Hindi with cautious approach: Unlike Sri Lanka, the leaders of our country adopted a very cautious attitude in spreading the use of Hindi.

1. According to the Constitution, the use of English for official purposes was to stop in 1965.
2. However, many non-Hindi-speaking States demanded that the use of English continue.
3. In Tamil Nadu, this movement took a violent form.
4. The Central Government responded by agreeing to continue the use of English along with Hindi for official purposes.

Promotion of Hindi continues to be the official policy of the Government of India. Promotion does not mean that the Central Government can impose Hindi on States where people speak a different language. (iv) Language policy of Sri Lanka: In 1956, an Act was passed by the Sri Lankan government to recognise Sinhala as the only official language whereas in case of India the government agreed to continue the use of English along with Hindi for official purposes.Q.11.

• Restructuring the Centre-State relations is an important way in which the Indian Federalism has been strengthened in practice.’ Explain. Ans.
• I) After 90s, many regional political parties have emerged in many states of the country.
• Ii) The regional parties are playing a very vital role in forming the Union government.

(iii) The judiciary has played a major role in improving the autonomy of the state governments because many a time, it has rescued the state governments which were dismissed in an arbitrary manner.Q.12. Why does the exact balance of power between the Centre and the State Governments vary from one Federation to another ? Explain with two examples.

• Ans. The exact balance of power between the central and the state government depends mainly on the historical context in which the federation was formed.
• There, are two kinds of routes through which federations have been formed : (i) Coming Together Federations (ii) Holding Together Federations Q.13.
• Point out one feature in the practice of federalism in India that is similar to any one feature that is different from that of Belgium.

Ans. One similar feature of Federalism between India and Belgium : India and Belgium are both holding together federations where the Central Governments tend to be more powerful vis-a-vis the states. One different feature of Federalism between India and Belgium : In Belgium, there are three Ans.

kinds of government – government at the centre, government at the state level and third kind of government is the community government. The community government has the power regarding cultural, educational and language related issues. But in India, there is no third kind of government, there is no community government.Q.14.

What is decentralisation ? What is the importance or need for decentralisation ? Or “Do you take decentralisation as a mean to minimise the conflicts ?” Give your view point. Ans. When power is taken away from the Central and State governments, and given to the Local governments, it is called decentralisation.

1. I) The basic idea behind decentralisation is that there are a large number of problems and issues which are best settled at the local level.
2. People have a better knowledge of problems in their localities.
3. They also have better ideas on where to spend money, and how to manage things more efficiently.
4. Ii) At the local level, it is possible for the people to directly participate in decision, making.

This helps to inculcate a habit of democratic participation. Basically the local government is the best way to realise one important principle of democracy, namely the Local Self-Government.Q.15. Name the three tier government system in India. What steps have been taken by the government to make the third tier more powerful and effective ? Or How has the third tier of government in our country been made more effective and powerful by the Constitutional Amendment of 1992 ? Or Explain any four provisions that have been made towards decentralisation in India after the constitutional amendment in 1992.

1. Ans, Three tier system : 1.
2. Union Government 2.
3. State Governments 3.
4. Local Governments.
5. Steps : • Now, it is constitutionally mandatory to hold regular elections to the local government bodies.
6. Seats are reserved in the elected bodies and the executive heads of these institutions for the Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and the Backward Classes.

• At least one-third of all positions are reserved for women. • An independent institution called the State Election Commission has been created in each state to conduct free and fair elections for the panchayat and the municipalities. • The State governments are required to share some powers and revenue with the Local government bodies.

1. The nature of sharing varies from state to state.Q.16.
2. Explain the advantages of decentrali¬sation. Or,
3. Explain any four features of the third tier of government.
4. Or Explain how the federal experiment has been successful in the matter of formation of states in India.
5. Or Give two arguments in favour of decentralisation of powers to local governments.

Give two provisions under the amendment of 1992 which empowers local governments in India. OR Assess the need for local government. Ans, (i) Locals have better knowledge : The basic idea behind decentralisation is that there are a large number of problems and issues which are best settled at the local level.

People have better knowledge of problems in their localities. They also have better ideas on where to spend money, and how to manage things more efficiently. (if) Direct participation of the people : Decentralisation makes it possible for the people to directly participate in decision making. This helps to inculcate a habit of democratic participation.

The Local government is the best way to realise one important principle of democracy, namely the Local Self-Government. (iii) Foundation of democracy : Local governments are most important in a democratic system. These are training schools for local citizens and local leadership.

These provide political education. The people get familiar about the electoral process, and the proper use of their vote, which is the very foundation of democracy. (iv) Reduction of burden of the Central Government : It reduces the burden of the Central or State governments. These can concentrate on matters of national or state importance in a better way.

In this way, the Local Self-Government ensures efficiency everywhere, at all the three levels of today’s governance. Indian leaders have recognised the need for decentralisation. (v) Women empowerment : At least one-third of all positions are reserved for women in all the local bodies.

What is the first test of Indian Federation?

The first major test of Indian federalism was the creation of linguistic states. Hindi is the mother tongue of only 40% of Indians.21 more languages are recognised as ‘Scheduled Languages’ by the constitution of India.

What are the three features of Indian federalism?

Indian federalism is a threefold distribution based on three lists: I Union List on which centre make laws such as defence currency etc. II State List on which state make laws such as police trade agriculture etc. III Concurrent List on which both Centre and State Legislates such as education marriage etc.

What are the main objectives of federalism in India?

What are the objectives of the federal system? The objectives of a federal system are as follows:

To provide sovereign powers to both the Centre and the States. To safeguard and promote the unity of the country, while at the same time accommodate regional diversity.

Governments at different levels should agree to some rules of power-sharing. They should also trust that each would abide by its part of the agreement. An ideal federal system has both aspects:

Mutual trust and Agreement to live together.

Further Reading: To read more about, check the linked article. : What are the objectives of the federal system?

What is unique about Indian federalism?

Other (residuary subjects) – Subjects not mentioned in any of the three lists are known as residuary subjects. However, many provisions in the constitution outside these lists permit parliament or state Legislative assembly to legislate. Excluding the provisions of the constitution outside these lists per Article 245, the power to legislate on such subjects, rests with the parliament exclusively per Article 248.

1. Parliament shall legislate on residuary subjects following the Article 368 procedure as constitutional amendments.
2. In case the above lists are to be expanded or amended, the legislation should be done by the Parliament under its constituent power per Article 368 with ratification by the majority of the states.

Federalism is part of the basic structure of the Indian constitution which cannot be altered or destroyed through constitutional amendments under the constituent powers of the Parliament without undergoing judicial review by the Supreme Court,

What is the practice of federalism in India that is similar to and one feature that is different from that of Belgium?

In India, just like in Belgium, the central government has to share its powers with the regional governments. However, unlike India, Belgium has a community government in addition to the central and the state government.

What is the nature of Indian federalism answer?

➢ India doesn’t follow a rigid form of the federal system. unitary form of government. states are sovereign in nature along with the union, they do not coordinate with the Centre. ➢ In other words, it follows what is known as quasi-federalism.

How federalism is practised in India linguistic states?

Federalism is practiced in India in three major ways, including allowing the formation of states based on their linguistic characteristics, language policy, and restructuring of center-state relations, Federalism in India refers to the relationship between the central government and the state governments of India. The Constitution of India establishes the structure of the Government of India.

How has the language policy helped in strengthening federalism in India?

Q.1. Mention three policies that have strengthened federalism in India. Ans. The real success of federalism in India can be attributed to the nature of democratic politics in our country. This ensured that the spirit of federalism, respect for diversity and desire for living together became a shared ideal in our country.

Many freedom fighters thought that separating states based on language would make more difference in people. Linguistic States in India After independence, the boundaries of several old states were changed in order to create new states. The creation of linguistic states was the first and a major test for democratic politics in our country. But so far this creation of states based on language was a good decision and had worked good.

(ii) Language Policy

Even though Hindi was identified as the official language by our Constitution, other languages have also been protected. Besides Hindi, there are 21 other languages recognized as scheduled languages by the Constitution. States too have their own official languages. Thus, not declaring Hindi a national language or imposing it on all the states has strengthened federalism.

(iii) Centre-State Relations

By restructuring the centre-state relations, federalism has got strengthened. Earlier, the central government could easily dismiss the state governments which were controlled by the rival parties. But after 1990, there was a rise of regional political parties in many states of the country.The era of coalition governments which needs an alliance with many parties including several regional parties to form a government at the centre has led to a new culture of power-sharing and respect for the autonomy of the states.

Q.2. In which way does the language policy in India help our country avoid the situation that Sri Lanka is in today? (HOTS) Ans.

Our Constitution did not give the status of national language to any one language. Although Hindi was identified as the official language but there were many safeguards to protect other languages.According to the Constitution, the use of English for the official purpose was to stop in 1965, However, many non-Hindi speaking states demanded that the use of English should continue. The Central government decided to continue the use of English along with Hindi for official purposes, Hindi is not imposed on states where people speak a different language. The flexibility shown by Indian political leaders helped our country avoid the kind of situation that Sri Lanka finds itself in.In Sri Lanka, the major social groups are the Sinhala-speakers (74%) and the Tamil-speakers (18%). In 1956, an Act was passed to recognize Sinhala as the only official language, thus disregarding Tamil. Due to this, and other reasons, the relations between the Sinhala and the Tamil communities got strained over time.

Q.3. How can you say that power-sharing is more effective today than it was in the early years after the Constitution came into force? (HOTS) Ans.

In the early years, the same party ruled both at the Centre and in most of the States. But in the states where the rival parties ruled, the central government often misused its power to dismiss the state governments. This undermined the spirit of federalism. But after 1990, there was a rise of regional parties in many states of the country.It was at this time that since no single party got a clear majority in the Lok Sabha, the major national parties had to enter into an alliance with many parties, including several regional parties to form a government at the Centre. This led to the era of the coalition government – a new culture of power-sharing and respect for the autonomy of state governments.

Q.4. Why is decentralisation favoured in democracy? Identify any two reasons. (2014) Ans. Five advantages of decentralisation of power:

When power is taken away from Central and State Governments and given to local governments, it is called decentralisation. The basic idea behind decentralisation is that there are a large number of problems and issues which are best settled at the local level. People have better knowledge of problems in their localities.They also have better ideas on where to spend money and how to manage things more efficiently.Besides, at the local level, it is possible for the people to directly participate in decision making. This helps to inculcate a habit of democratic participation.Local government is the best way to realise one important principle of democracy, namely local self¬government.The need for decentralisation was recognised in our Constitution. A major step towards decentralisation was taken in 1992. The Constitution was amended to make the third tier of democracy more powerful and effective.

Q.5. Explain the structure of the new Panchayati Raj institutions, both in rural and urban areas. Ans. Rural Local Government is known by the name of Panchayati Raj/ Democratic decentralization.

Each village or group of villages has a Gram Panchayat.Panch, President or Sarpanch are directly elected by all the adult population of the village and is the decision-making body.The Panchayat works under the supervision of Gram Sabha, with all the voters as its members.The local structure goes up to the district level—a group of Gram Panchayats form a Panchayat Samiti or Block or Mandal.All the Panchayat Samitis or Mandals together constitute the Zilla Parishad which consists of elected members.Lok Sabha members, Local MLAs and officers are also members of the Zilla Parishad.Its Chairperson is the political head of the Parishad.

Urban areas and local bodies.

Municipalities are set up in towns.Big cities are constituted into Municipal Corporations.Both are controlled by elected bodies consisting of people’s representatives.The municipal chairperson is the political head of the Municipality.The head of the Municipal Corporation is an officer called the Mayor.

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What were the challenges of language policy when it was adopted by Indian federalism?

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Answer: (i) A second test for Indian federalism is the language policy. (ii) Our Constitution did not give the status of national language to any one language. (iii) Hindi was identified as the official language. (iv) But Hindi is the mother tongue of only about 40 per cent of Indians. Therefore, there were many safeguards to protect other languages. (v) Besides Hindi, there are 21 other languages recognized as Scheduled Languages by the Constitution. (vi) A candidate in an examination conducted for the Central Government positions may opt to take the examination in any one of these languages. (vii) States too have their own official languages. Much of the government work takes place in the official language of the concerned state.

Is India federation true or false?

India is a federation because the powers of the Union and State Governments are specified in the Constitution and they have exclusive jurisdiction on their respective subjects.

Why did the Constitution adopt a federal system for India?

The framers adopted the federal system due to two main reasons— the large size of the country and its sociocultural diversity. They realised that the federal system not only ensures the efficient governance of the country but also reconciles national unity with regional autonomy.

Who is the founder of Indian federation?

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Indian Federation of Labour is a federation of trade unions in India, IFL was founded in 1941 by M.N. Roy, after a split from the All India Trade Union Congress, IFL strongly supported the British war effort. Maniben Kara was a prominent IFL leader in the railways and V.B.

• Arnik was a prominent IFL leader amongst the dock workers.
• In 1944 IFL was widely discredited as it was revealed that the organisation had received funding from the British authorities.
• IFL was able to retain some influence in Bombay and maintained contacts in scattered pockets.
• After the war, both AITUC and IFL were recognised by the government, for the purpose of representing Indian labour in the ILO,

In December 1948 IFL merged into the Hind Mazdoor Sabha,

What are the two levels of federalism in India?

Federal Features of the Indian Union –

• Governments at two levels – centre and states
• Division of powers between the centre and states – there are three lists given in the which gives the subjects each level has jurisdiction in:
  • Union List
  • State List
  • Concurrent List
• Supremacy of the constitution – the is indestructible as laid out by the judiciary. The constitution is the supreme law in India.
• Independent judiciary – the constitution provides for an independent and integrated judiciary. The lower and district courts are at the bottom levels, the high courts are at the state levels and at the topmost position is the, All courts are subordinate to the Supreme Court.

Also, read the in the linked article.

What are two main tiers of Indian federalism?

There are three tiers of Government in India. Every tier governs the same citizens, but they have different jurisdictions. They govern matters like legislation, taxation and administration. The constitution of India explains the different jurisdictions of levels of the government.

The three-tier system of government is constitutionally guaranteed. Originally, the constitution contained only a two-tier system of government. They are the Union Government and the Central Government. Later, a third tier was introduced. It contains Panchayats and Municipalities. All these tiers have separate jurisdictions.

There is a fourth-tier of government that can be seen mostly in Bangladeshi countries. Gram Parishad comes under the fourth tier.

What are the two characteristics of the federal form of government in India?

Independent Judiciary – It is the essence of the federal government. Constitutional Status–Federalism provides constitutional guarantees for the existence and authority of each tier of government. Distribution of Powers–In federalism different tiers of government govern the same citizens.

How different is the federation of India from that of USA?

Indian Federalism vs US Federalism –

Difference Between Indian Government and US Government
Parameters	Indian Government	US Government
Nature of Federalism	The Indian Constitution describes India as a Union of States containing both unitary and federal features. Thus, the Indian Constitution is Quasi-federal,	Although both Indian and American Governments are described as Federal states, the nature of federalism in the US is more rigid and stronger than in India.
System of Governance	In India, a Parliamentary form of Government is followed. The Indian President is elected indirectly for five years.	In the US, the Presidential form of Government is adopted. The people directly elect the President, and he/she is elected for four years.
Upper and Lower House	The Indian Legislature consists of the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha, The lower house, called the Lok Sabha, is more powerful, whose members are directly elected by the people. In contrast, the Upper House – the Rajya Sabha, is elected indirectly every two years.	US legislature has two houses: the House of Representatives and the Senate. The Senate is the Upper House and is more powerful as per the US federal system. Its members are directly elected. The Senate is the strongest Upper House in the world.
Nature of the Constitution	The Constitution of India has 22 parts and 395 articles since its inception. As of 2022, there are 25 parts with 448 articles. The Indian Constitution lacks the rigidity of the US constitution.	The Constitution of the US is very rigid and precise, consisting of a few pages. It has been amended only 27 times owing to the rigidity of the process involved.
Judiciary System	The Indian judiciary system can be described as rapidly developing.	The judicial system in the US is very advanced.
Citizenship	The Indian Constitution thrives on single citizenship.	The US Constitution allows dual citizenship to its citizens.

Is India a holding together federation?

Countries holding together federations include India, Spain, and Belgium.

Which of the following makes India a federation?

Consider the following two statements. A) In a federation, the powers of the federal and provincial governments are clearly demarcated. B) India is a federation because the powers of the Union and State Governments are specified in the Constitution and they have exclusive jurisdiction on their respective subjects.

• C) Sri Lanka is a federation because the country is divided into provinces.
• D) India is no longer a federation because some powers of the States have been devolved to the local government bodies.
• Which of the statements given above are correct? No worries! We‘ve got your back.
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Try BYJU‘S free classes today! Right on! Give the BNAT exam to get a 100% scholarship for BYJUS courses No worries! We‘ve got your back. Try BYJU‘S free classes today! Open in App Suggest Corrections 2 : Consider the following two statements. A) In a federation, the powers of the federal and provincial governments are clearly demarcated. B) India is a federation because the powers of the Union and State Governments are specified in the Constitution and they have exclusive jurisdiction on their respective subjects.

What is the most important feature of federation in India?

The existence of the three-tier system in India is the key feature of the existence of federalism. The Central government, the State government, and the Local Self Governments i.e. the Municipalities and Panchayats at the local level makes the governance efficient.

What is the greatest success of federalism?

Solution: The greatest success of Federalism is the growth of regionalism. The division of power between the centre, the state government, and the local government has decentralised the central government’s power. It has given autonomy and decision-making power to the states and local governments.

Which one of the following features of the Indian federalism has been correctly listed?

Detailed Solution. The Correct Answer is Option 1 i.e Independent judiciary.

Which of the following features make India a holding together federalism?

Hint: Federalism is a form of territorial organisation in which unity and regional diversity are accommodated with a single political system by distributing power among the central and state governments in a manner constitutionally safeguarding the existence and authority of each.

It is done for a dual purpose—that of limiting the possibility of a tyranny of the majority and of generating strength through the union. Complete answer: Some federations emerge when various politically sovereign entities unite for defined purposes of common interest and create the federal state. This is called coming together federation.

Some federations are not a result of an agreement of various states rather a division of a federating unit for convenience of administration. This is called holding together a federation. Option A: is correct. In a holding together federation, the central government has more power than state governments.

1. One of the most significant aspects of this is in India, which is a holding together federation, there is one Constitution, the final interpreter of which is the Supreme Court at the centre.
2. Option B: is incorrect.
3. In a coming together federation, state governments sometimes tend to be more powerful than the central government.

An aspect of this is how in the USA, which is coming together as a federation, there are separate constitutions for each state which are interpreted by the state courts. Options C and D: are incorrect because although a federal arrangement has been created to meet the basic requirements of federalism, there are additional unitary features that make the central government more powerful.

Note: In India, which is a holding together federation, there is a clear cut well-defined division of powers between the Union and state-level governments. This division of power is mentioned in the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution which contains three lists with legislative subjects: Union List, State List and Concurrent List.

The subjects which are not included in either of these three lists are known as residuary powers.