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Physical Education Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 2 Sports and Nutrition Physical Education Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 2 Sports and Nutrition is part of, Here we have given Physical Education Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 2 Sports and Nutrition.1 Mark Questions Question 1.

• What is balanced diet? (Delhi 2014 7) OR What do you mean by balanced diet? Answer: A diet that contains sufficient amount of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, minerals, salts, vitamins and water is called balanced diet.
• A balanced diet is that which contains the proper amount of each nutrient required by our body.

Question 2. What do you mean by food and nutrition? Answer: Food is a mixture of various substances which are essential for life, whereas nutrition is a dynamic process in which the body is made healthy by the consumption of food. Question 3. What are carbohydrates? Answer: Carbohydrates are compounds of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

Sources Fruits, milk, vegetables, pulses, bajra, rice, cakes etc. Function The main function of carbohydrates is to provide energy for the body, brain and nervous system. Question 4. Why does the weightlifters’ diet includes lots of protein? (CBSE Model Question Paper 2015) Answer: The diet includes a lot of protein because proteins contain amino acids.

This is used in building muscles and increase strength which are necessary for weightlifting. Question 5. What are fats? (CBSE 2013) Answer: Fats are the energy boosters which provide us with twice as much energy as carbohydrates. We can store extra fat in our body to be used later.

1. Question 6.
2. What are micronutrients? (All India; Delhi 2016) Answer: Micro nutrients are little Wonders of Nature that control growth and development, cell formation, disease resistance and repair processes of our body.
3. Question 7.
4. What are vitamins? (All India 2014) Answer: Vitamins are compounds of carbon vvhich are essential for the normal growth and working of the body.

They are required in very small quantities. The important vitamins are A, C, D, E, K and 6-complex (B, B2, B3, B5, B6, and B12). Question 8. Enlist two sources of calcium and iron separately. (Delhi 2015) Answer: Calcium—milk, cheese Iron—meat; eggs. Question 9.

What do you mean by components of diet? Answer: Proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals and water are called components of diet. These components are composed of various elements such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and other macro and microelements like calcium; iron, zinc etc. Question 10.

Enlist two non-nutritive components of diet. (All India 2015) Answer: Non-nutritive components of diet are

• Colour compounds
• Flavour compounds

Question 11. Define food supplements. Answer: Food supplements which are also known as a dietary supplement, are providing vitamins, minerals, herbs, amino acids, enzymes and other beneficial, substances in the form of capsules,- soft gels, cops and tablets.

Question 12. What is the disadvantage of food supplements? Answer: Food supplements can interact with medications which can cause unwanted side effects and decrease the efficacy of the medicine. Question 13. Critically explain the use of dietary supplements in heavy dose for longer duration. Justify your answer with two suitable examples.

All indin 2015 Answer: Dietary supplements if taken in heavy doses can be toxic and cause serious side effects. For example

1. Heavy dose of vitamin A can cause liver damage, blurred vision, headache, bone pain and nausea.
2. Heavy dose of iron can cause digestive problems.

Question 14. Explain the importance of fluid intake during competition. Answer: Fluid intake is very essential during competition as it helps to keep the body hydrated. The fluid intake requirement depends upon the duration of the events, as explained below

• or events lasting for less than one hour, it is recommended that competitors consume 180-240 ml of water every 10-15 minutes to prevent dehydration.
• For events lasting for more than one hour, it is recommended that competitors consume 150-300 ml of carbohydrate/electrolyte beverage every 15-20 minutes during exercise.

3 Marks Questions Question 15. What are fats? Write a detailed note on its types. Also mention its importance in the proper functioning of the body. CBSE 2012 Answer: Fats contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. These are the most concentrated source of energy in food.

Sources of Fats Animal products like meat, poultry and dairy products like milk, cream, cheese, butter and ice-cream, peanuts, olive oil etc. Types Fats can be classified according to their structures. Different types of fats have different characteristics and these react in different ways inside the body.

There are three different groups of fats in the diet which are saturated, poly-unsaturated and mono-unsaturated fats. The intake of saturated fats increases the chances of heart diseases due to the increase of cholesterol in the blood. Importance

• Fats keep us warm and give protection to organiser:
• Fats also help in production of hormones.
• Fatty acids provide the raw materials which help in control of blood pressure, blood clotting and other body functions.
• Fats help in transportation of fat soluble vitamins like A, D, E and K.
• Fats maintain skin and hair.

Question 16. Discuss the functions and sources of fats. Answer: Fats are an essential ingredient of food. Fat is also a compound of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Functions of Fats

• They provide heat and energy to the body.
• They also help in regulation of body temperature.
• They are considered better than carbohydrates as sources of energy.
• Fats keep us warm and give protection to organiser:

Sources of Fats

• Animal Sources We get various products from animals such as ghee, butter, curd, fish oil, milk, meat and eggs.
• Vegetable Sources We also get fats from various vegetables such as dry fruits, coconut, soybean, foodgrains, mustard oil and cotton seeds.

Question 17. What are vitamins? Name the types of vitamins. OR Vitamins are very essential for working of the body and are divided into two groups. Explain about them. (All India 2015) Answer: Vitamins are compounds of carbon. These protect us from various diseases and are essential for general growth and development of our body.

• Vitamin A is essential for normal growth, proper functioning of nervous system and digestive system.
• Vitamin D is essential for healthy bones and teeth.
• Vitamin E increases fertility and ensures proper functioning of the glands.
• Vitamin K helps in clotting of blood.

Water Soluble Vitamins These vitamins are soluble in water. These contain the elements of nitrogen and sulphur. These vitamins are B complex and C which are given below

• Vitamin B complex consists of various groups of vitamins namely B, B2, B3, B6, and B12.
• They are necessary for proper growth and functioning.of various organs of the body.
• Vitamin C is essential for maintenance of ligaments, tissues, tendons and strong blood vessels.

Question 18. Briefly explain the functions and resources of fat soluble vitamins. (Delhi 2015) Answer: The vitamins that are soluble in fats are called fat soluble vitamins. They are vitamin A, D, E and K Functions

1. Vitamin A This is essential for normal growth of the bpdy. Deficiency of vitamin A leads to night blindness and also affects the kidneys, nervous system and digestive system. Sources are milk, curd, ghee, egg yolk, fish, tomato, papaya,’ green vegetables, orange, spinach, carrot and pumpkin.
2. Vitamin D This is essential for the formation of healthy teeth and bones. The presence of this vitamin in the body enables it to absorb calcium and phosphorus. Its deficiency causes rickets, softness of bones, teeth diseases. Sources are egg yolk, fish, sunlight, vegetables, cod liver oil, milk, cream, butter.
3. Vitamin E This is. essential.in increasing the fertility among men and women as well as proper functioning of adrenal and sex glands. Its deficiency causes weakness in muscles and heart. Sources are green vegetables, sprouts, coconut oil, dry and fresh fruits, milk, meat, butter, maize.
4. Vitamin K This is helpful in the clotting of blood. Its deficiency causes anaemia and blood do not clot easily. Sources are cauliflower, spinach, cabbage, tomato, potato, wheat, egg and meat.

Question 19. Mention the uses of any two minerals in our diet. Answer:

1. Iodine Iodine is essential for proper thyroid function. Its deficiency causes goitre and sources are seafood and salt.
2. Calcium Calcium is helpful in the formation of teeth and bones. It helps in clotting of blood. Its deficiency causes rickets and asthma. Milk, cheese, oranges and green vegetables have a rich amount of calcium.

Question 20. Write briefly about protein as an essential component of diet.flll India; (Delhi 2016) OR What are proteins? Discuss. Answer: Proteins are the basic structure of all living cells. These are complex organic compounds. Protein is a chain of amino acids that contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen. There are two types of proteins

• Vegetable proteins
• Animal proteins

Sources All meat and other animal products are sources of proteins. The best sources are eggs, milk, meat, poultry, milk products, beans etc. Question 21. What is balanced diet? Elaborate the important nutrients/elements of balanced diet. Answer: Balanced Diet A balanced diet is that which ‘ contains the proper amounts of each nutrient.

• Carbohydrates These are our main sources of energy.
• Proteins These provide essential growth as ‘ well as repairing muscles and other body tissues.
• Fats These are the sources of energy.
• Vitamins These play an important role in many chemical processes in the body.
• Minerals These are essential for proper – growth and functioning of our body.
• Water It is essential for normal body functions. It serves as a vehicle for carrying other nutrients.

Question 22. In sports such as boxing and wrestling, the players tend to loose weight sharply. Explain the pitfalls of dieting. Answer: Pitfalls of dieting are

1. Eating too Little In dieting people take just 1500-1800 calories per day. But this is not sufficient to meet the daily requirements. This may result in massive weight loss and other related health problems.
2. More Drinking than Eating In order to reduce calorie consumption, more drinks are taken like sweetened juices, sodas, tea and coffee with sugar. These increase the weight.
3. Skipping Meals Not taking breakfast, lunch, dinner or proper meals reduces the metabolic rate. Then the body starts conserving energy, the next time it gets food. This also results in more intake of calories in next meal.
4. Intake of Labelled Foods By taking foods that are labelled as ‘low fat’, Tow sugar’, Tow calories’ may not produce proper results. For example, drinking more tea with sugarfree results in more intake of tea and hence greater calorie consumption.
5. Not Performing Exercises No exercises reduce the level of metabolism drastically and there is no burning of calories. In that case dieting will not be effective.

Question 23. What is the major goal of a pre-competition meal? When should it be taken and why? Answer: The major goal of a pre-competition meal is to maximise carbohydrate stores in the muscles and liver and to top up blood glucose stores. This meal should preferably be taken about 3-4 hours prior to the start of the competition.

If taken later than this, it results in performing with a full stomach, which causes nausea-the body’s attempt to cease exercise so that it can redirect blood flow back to the stomach. An exception is of consuming carbohydrate immediately prior to the start of a game in the form of a sports drink 5 or 10 minutes before competition.

Question 24. What are the Nutritive and Non-nutritive components of diet? Explain. (Delhi 2017) Answer: Food components whether they are nutritive (providing calories) or non-nutritive (not providing calories) are needed to a multiple of food and beverages.

1. They not only provide a sweet flavour to foods, they are also used to preserve foods (in jams or jellies), provide body bulk and texture (in ice-cream and baked goods), enhance other flavours (like salty) and aid in fermentation (in breads and pickles).
2. The nutritive components of diet are proteins, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals.

Non-nutritive components do not contribute to the energy, calories or nutrition of the body. Some non-nutritive components are essential for the body while others harm the body. Colour compounds, flavour compounds, food additives, plant compound, water, roughage or fibre are some non-nutritive components of diet.5 Marks Questions Question 25.

Explain any five essential elements of diet. (Delhi 2014) Answer: There are many nutrients in the food. These are known as elements. Essential elements of our diet are 1. Carbohydrates These are the compounds of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Sources Fruits, milk, vegetables, pulses, bajra, rice, cakes etc.

Functions The main function of carbohydrates is to provide energy to the body, brain and nervous system.2. Proteins Proteins are a chain of amino acids that contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen. Sources Eggs, milk, meat, beans, animal products etc.

Functions Proteins are the main components of muscles, organs and glands. The cells of muscles and ligaments are maintained with protein and proteins are used for the growth and development of children.3. Fats Fats contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Sources Animal products, milk, cream, cheese, butter, olive oil etc.

Functions of Fats are a source of energy. They are important for the proper functioning of the body. Fatty acids provide the raw materials which help in control of blood pressure.4. Vitamins Vitamins are compounds of carbon. The important vitamins are A, C, D, E, K and B- complex (B, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, Bg and B12).

Sources Milk, butter, eggs, green vegetables, exposure to sunlight, oil, nuts, seeds, fish, amla etc. Functions Vitamins play an important role in many chemical processes in the body. Vitamins are essential for metabolism of fat and carbohydrate and are needed for healthy skin. They are helpful in RBC production.

carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals.5. Minerals Minerals are iron, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, iodine, copper, chloride etc. Sources Eggs, milk, meat, green vegetables, pulses, fish, salts, tea and coffee etc. Functions Minerals are essential for proper growth of the body.

Calcium is needed for strong teeth and bones. It is also essential for proper thyroid function.6. Water Water is an important element of balanced diet. Source Nature. Functions Water helps in the digestive system. It regulates body temperature and carries nutrients to cells. Question 26. ‘Vitamins are essential for our metabolic process.

What happens if we devoid our diet of vitamins? (CBSE 2012) Answer: Vitamins are required by the body for proper growth and development. The following may happen if we will avoid vitamins in our diet

• In the absence of vitamin A, there may be night-blindness.
• Deficiency of vitamin B causes Beri-Beri disease.
• Deficiency of vitamin C causes Scurvy.
• Deficiency of vitamin E causes weakness in heart and muscles.
• Deficiency of vitamin K causes anaemia.
• In addition, deficiency of vitamins in the body affects the working of the organs, nervous system and digestive system adversely.
• Their presence is necessary for maintaining healthy teeth and bones as well as overall health.

Question 27. Diet for a sportsperson is important. What should be the aims of preparing diet for sportsperson? (Delhi 2015) Answer: For a sportsperson, taking proper diet is very essential. The aims of preparing diet for a sportsperson are as follows

• For maintaining healthy body weight.
• For providing energy needed to perform various activities of the body.
• For the proper growth of the body.
• For replacing worn out tissues.
• For providing chemicals that help to control the body functions.
• For protecting the body against diseases.
• For providing the body with adequate energy required during practice sessions as well as during, competitions.
• For providing easy recovery of cells and tissues after a competition is over.

Question 28. What is the role of various elements of diet on performance of ah athlete? (All India 2014) Answer: For a sportsperson athlete, it is essential to take a balanced diet as lot of physical activity and endurance is needed in sports. The quality of sports diet depends on the correct proportion of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals, salts etc, which constitute the main nutrients of diet.

• Carbohydrates are helpful in increasing endurance.
• Protein is necessary for the growth and development of various tissues of the body.
• A minimum amount of fat is desirable for a long distance runner, high jumper or gymnast.
• Diet prevents, various diseases, maintains healthy weight.
• Vitamins are essential for good performance and overall development of the body.
• Water is essential as it helps in releaving the body of waste materials and transportation of nutrients to cells.,

Value-Based Question Question 29. What are the effects of good nutrition on an individual? Answer: Effects of good nutrition on an individual are

1. Prevent Disease It includes prevention from cancer, tissues disease, parasitical and bacterial infections.
2. Maintain Healthy Weight It includes proper blood pressure, less likely to allow diseases like diabetes, heart malfunctioning etc.
3. Provide Stress Relief It includes side effects of drugs, boost immune system of the body and helps to maintain calm and coping abilities.
4. Good Start to Future Generations It includes healthy babies, better immune system, healthy pregnancy etc.

1 Mark Questions Question.1. What are fats? Answer. Fats are the energy boosters which provide us with twice as much energy as carbohydrates. We can store extra fat in our body to be used later. Butter, ghee and nuts are rich sources of fats; too much of fats can lead to diseases like blood pressure, heart problems and obesity.

1. Question.2.
2. What do you mean by components of diet? Answer.
3. Proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals and water are called components of diet.
4. These components are composed of various elements such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and other macro and micro elements like calcium, iron, zinc etc.

Question.3. What is balanced diet? Or What do you mean by balanced diet? Answer. A diet that contains sufficient amount of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, minerals, salts, vitamins and water is called balanced diet. A balanced diet is that which contains the proper amount of each nutrient required by our body.

• Question.4.
• What are vitamins? Answer.
• Vitamins are compounds of carbon which are essential for the normal growth and working of the body.
• They are required in very small quantities.
• The important vitamins are A, C, D, E, K and B-complex (B1, B2, B3, Bs, B6, B7, B9 and B12).
• Vitamins are found in milk, butter, eggs, green vegetables, oil, nuts, fish, amla etc.

Question.5. What are carbohydrates? Answer. Carbohydrates are compounds of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Sources Fruits, milk, vegetables, pulses, bajra, rice, cakes etc. Functions The main function of carbohydrates is to provide energy for the body, brain and nervous system.

1. Question.6.
2. What do you mean by food and nutrition? Answer.
3. Food is a mixture of various substances which are essential for life, whereas nutrition is a dynamic process in which the body is made healthy by the consumption of food.
4. Question.7.
5. What is Glycemic Index? Answer.
6. Glycemic Index (GI) is a scale of how much a particular type of food raises blood sugar over a two-hour period compared to pure glucose.

Question.8. List the goals of nutrition during competition. Answer. The goals of nutrition during competition are to

1. stay hydrated
2. provide immediate fuel
3. boost performance
4. preserve muscle and
5. improve recovery.

3 Marks Questions Question.9. Discuss the role of fats on the performance of sports persons. Answer. Fats are considered as a major source of fuel for light to moderate levels of activity. Various sports require different proportions of fat in the muscles for maximum performance.

• Particularly for long distance runners and swimmers, fat is very important, as lack of fat will reduce the available amount of calories required by the body for the exercise undertaken.
• Fat is important to meet the demands of energy.
• When the body has used up the calories from carbohydrates, which occurs after the first 40 minutes of exercises, it begins to depend on calories from fat.

Question.10. Explain about any two components of diet in brief. Answer. (i) Proteins Proteins are the basic structure of all living cells. The basic structure of proteins is a chain of amino-acids that contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen. There are two types of proteins: (a) Non-essential proteins (b) Essential proteins Functions: (a) Proteins are essential for growth and development of children.

• B) The cells of muscles and ligaments are maintained with proteins.
• Ii) Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are the main source of energy in all activities.
• These provide energy to the body and are not stored in the body for a long time.
• Carbohydrates are of two types: (a) Simple carbohydrates (b) Complex carbohydrates Function The main function of carbohydrates is to provide energy for the body, especially the brain and nervous system.

Question.11. What are vitamins? Name the types of vitamins. Answer. Vitamins are compounds of carbon. These protect us from various diseases and are essential for general growth and development of our body. Types of Vitamins There are various vitamins such as A, C, D, E, K and B-complex (Bt, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9 and B12) There are two groups of vitamins

1. Fat Soluble Vitamins Fat soluble vitamins are those vitamins which are soluble in fat. These vitamins are A, D, E and K.
2. Water Soluble Vitamins These vitamins are soluble in water. These contain the elements of nitrogen and sulphur. These vitamins are B and C.

12. What are the uses of any two minerals in our diet? Answer.

1. Iodine For creativity as well as proper activity of the thyroid gland, iodine is essential. Its deficiency may stop the growth of hair. It is found in rich quantity in sea fish. Iodised salt is normally the main source of iodine in a normal diet.
2. Calcium Calcium is helpful in the formation of teeth and bones. It helps in clotting of blood. It also maintains the balance between acids and bases in our bodies. Milk, cheese, oranges and green vegetables have a rich amount of calcium.

Question.13. What are the effects of good nutrition on an individual? Answer. Effects of good nutrition on an individual are

1. Prevent Disease It includes prevention from cancer, tissues disease, parasitical and bactarial infections.
2. Maintain Healthy Weight It includes proper blood pressure, less likely to allow diseases like diabetes, heart malfunctioning etc.
3. Provide Stress Relief It includes side effects of drugs, boost immune system of the body and helps to maintain calm and coping abilities.
4. Good Start to Future Generations It includes healthy babies, better immune system, healthy pregnancy etc.

Question.14. Discuss the functions and sources of proteins. Or What are proteins? Discuss. Answer. Proteins are the basic structure of all living cells. These are complex organic compounds. Protein is a ‘ chain of amino-acids that contain carbon, oxygen hydrogen and nitrogen.

These are two types of proteins (i) Non-essential proteins (ii) Essential proteins Sources All meat and other animal products are sources of proteins. The best sorces are eggs, milk, meat, poultry, milk products, beans etc. Functions (a) The cells of muscles and ligaments are maintained with protein. (b) Proteins are needed for growth and development of children.

(c) Proteins are the main components of muscles, organs and glands. Question.15. What is balanced diet? Elaborate the important nutrients/elements of balanced diet. Answer. Balanced Diet A diet that contains the right amount of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals, salts, vitamins and water is called balanced diet.

1. Carbohydrates These are our main source of energy.
2. Proteins These provide essential growth as well as repairing muscles and other body tissues.
3. Fats These are the source of energy.
4. Vitamins These play an important role in many chemical processes in the body.
5. Minerals These are essential for proper growth and functioning of our body.
6. Water It is essential for normal body functions. It serves as a vehicle for carrying other nutrients.

Question.16. What are vitamins? Write the sources of vitamins A, D, E and K. Answer. Vitamins Vitamins are the compounds of carbon that are absolutely essential for the normal growth and working of the body. These are required in a very small quantities.

Sources Vitamin-A Milk, butter, eggs, carrots, pumpkin and green vegetables. Vitamin-D Cheese, butter, milk, green vegetables and exposure to sunlight. Vitamin-E Vegetable oil, butter, milk, whole grains, com, nuts, seeds and spinach. Vitamin-K Cabbage, cauliflower, spinach and other vegetables. Bacteria in the intestines normally also produce vitamin-K.

Question.17. Discuss the functions and sources of fats. Answer. Fats are an essential ingredient of food. Fat is also a compound of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Functions of Fats:

1. They provide heat and energy to the body.
2. They also help in regulation of body temperature.
3. They are considered better than carbohydrates as sources of energy.
4. They are helpful in making the body soft and oily and protect it from external effects of hot and cold climates.

Sources of Fats:

1. Animal Sources We get various products from animals such as ghee, butter, curd, fish oil, milk, meat and eggs.
2. Vegetables Sources We also get fats from various vegetables such as dry fruits, coconut,, soyabean, food grains, mustard oil and cotton seeds.

Question.18. What are fats? Write a detailed note on its types. Also mention its importance in the proper functioning of the body. Answer. Fats contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. These are the most concentrated source of energy in food. One gram of fat provides double the energy provided by one gram of carbohydrates.

Sources of Fats Animal products like meat, poultry and dairy products like milk, cream, cheese, butter and ice-cream, peanuts, olive oil etc. Types Fats can be classified according to their structures. Different types of fats have different characteristics and these react in different ways inside the body.

There are three different groups of fats in the diet which are saturated, poly-unsaturated and mono-unsaturated fats. The intake of saturated fats increases the chances of heart diseases due to the increase of cholesterol in the blood. Poly-unsaturated fats and mono-unsaturated fats help in lowering the blood cholesterol.

1. Fats are necessary for many body functions.
2. Fats keep up warm and give protection to organs.
3. Fats also help in production of hormones.
4. Fatty acids provide the raw materials which help in control of blood pressure, blood clotting and other body functions.
5. Fats are also important energy sources.
6. Fats help in transportation of fat soluble vitamins like A, D, E and K.
7. Fats maintain skin and hair.

Question.19. What is the major goal of a pre-competition meal? When should it be taken and why? Answer. The major goal of a pre-competition meal is to maximize carbohydrate stores in the muscles and liver and to top up blood glucose stores. This meal should preferably be taken about three hours prior to the start of the competition.

If taken later than this, it results in performing with a full stomach, which causes nausea – the body’s attempt to cease exercise so that it can redirect blood flow back to the stomach. An exception is of consuming carbohydrate immediately prior to the start of a game in the form of a sports drink 5 or 10 minutes before competition.5 Marks Questions Question.20.

What is a balanced diet? Explain its elements. Or Explain in detail the different elements of diet. Answer. Balanced diet is the intake of appropriate types and right / sufficient amount of food and drinks to supply nutrition and energy for maintenance of body cells, tissues and organs and to support normal growth and development.

1. Carbohydrates These are the compounds of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Sources Fruits, milk, vegetables, pulses, bajra, rice, cakes etc. Functions The main function of carbohydrate is to provide energy to the body, brain and nervous system.
2. Proteins Proteins are a chain of amino-acids that contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen. Sources Eggs, milk, meat, beans and animal products etc. Functions Proteins are the main components of muscles, organs and glands. The cells of muscles and ligaments are maintained with protein and proteins are used for the growth and development of children.
3. Fats Fats cantain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. Sources Animal products, milk, cream, cheese, butter, olive oil etc. Functions Fats are a source of energy. They are important for the proper functioning of the body. Fatty acids provide the raw materials which help in control of blood pressure.
4. Vitamins Vitamins are compounds of carbon. The important vitamins are A, C, D E, K and B- complex (B1B2 B3 B5 B6, B7 B9 and B12). Sources Milk, butter, eggs, green vegetables, exposure to sunlight, oil, nuts, seeds, fish, am/a etc. Functions Vitamins play an important role in many chemical processes in the body. Vitamins are essential for metabolism of fat and carbohydrate and are needed for healthy skin. They are helpful in RBC production.
5. Minerals Minerals are iron, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, iodine, copper, chloride etc. Sources Eggs, milk, meat, green vegetables, pulses, fish, salts, tea and coffee etc. Functions Minerals are essential for proper growth of the body. Calcium is needed for strong teeth and bones. It is also essential for proper thyroid function.
6. Water Water is an important element of balanced diet. Source Natural. Functions Water helps in the digestive system. It breaks down complex food molecules. It also regulates the body temperature and is essential for various chemical reactions.

Question.21. Discuss the role of diet on the performance of a sportsperson. Answer. The energy requirement of an athlete depends on:

1. Quality Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals and fluids.
2. Quantity Calories according to the sport.
3. Variety Different types of food.
4. Portability Proper cooking.
5. Acceptability of Nutrients To suit different customs, habits and tastes. The quality of a sports diet depends on the correct proportion of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals, salts etc, which constitute the main nutrients of diet.

Functions of different elements of diet are:

1. Carbohydrates are helpful in increasing endurance.
2. Protein is necessary for the growth and development of various tissues of the bdy.
3. A minimum amount of fat is desirable for a long distance runner, high jumper or gymnast.
4. Diet prevents various diseases.
5. Vitamins are essential for good performance.
6. Vitamin-B complex helps in increasing the internal strength of our systems.
7. Vitamin-E is beneficial in the treatment of heart diseases.
8. Diet maintains healthy weight.
9. Diet provides stress relief.
10. Diet maintains normal body functions and proper blood sugar levels.
11. Diet gives positive psychological feeling.
12. Diet provides enough glycogen storage.
13. Proteins are necessary for the growth and development of various tissues of the body.
14. Minerals deficiency can decrease performance, especially during exercises in hot climate.

A normal person needs around 2100 – 2800 calories per day. An athlete may need up to 5000 to 7000 calories per day. At training or competition time, the best food is to take in a small amount of non-carbonated fruits, juices or non-carbonated soft drinks.

Eating Diet Before Performance We should eat suitable foods in the breakfast like cereals, porridge, bread or toast, fruit juice, boiled rice, potatoes, biscuits etc. Question.22. What are the goals of eating during competition? Explain the two different categories of such nutrition, indicating the different requirements.

Answer. The goals of eating during competition are to :

1. stay hydrated
2. provide immediate fuel
3. boost performance
4. preserve muscle and
5. improve recovery.

The two different categories of this nutrition are :

1. competitions less than two hours long, and
2. competitions more than two hours long.

For the first category, the main focus should be on hydration. This is especially true if you’re using good pre-and post-training nutrition. So make sure you consume plenty of water. However, if you’re exercising in the heat and sweating a lot, sports drinks maybe useful since they have electrolytes that help speed hydration and recovery.

For the second category, sports drinks are helpful. Every hour you will need 15 grams of proteins and 30 to 45 grams of carbohydrates, which can be taken in the form of liquids, gels or solid food. However, ensure that you get enough electrolytes, especially sodium. This can be in the form of table salt added to any drink.

We hope the Physical Education Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 2 Sports and Nutrition help you. If you have any query regarding Physical Education Class 12 Important Questions Chapter 2 Sports and Nutrition, drop a comment below and we will get back to you at the earliest.
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What are the uses of proteins in physical education?

Protein – I have discussed the importance of protein and recommended intake for athletes and other recreationally active individuals in a previous article, It is likely you already know that protein rebuilds muscle but it has many other important functions.

1. Proteins are building blocks for other bodily tissues including bone, cartilage, skin, and blood.
2. Additionally, proteins are needed for the production of different enzymes, vitamins, and hormones.
3. Obviously, protein is very important.
4. What types of protein-rich foods should we consume? The best sources of proteins include lean meats and poultry, eggs, seafood, beans and peas, and nuts and seeds.

It is important to consume protein from a variety of sources, as sources such as fish and seeds provide other l nutrients such as numerous vitamins, minerals, and essential fatty acids. For further information refer to the International Society of Sports Nutrition stand on protein and exercise,
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What are proteins simple definition?

(PROH-teen) A molecule made up of amino acids. Proteins are needed for the body to function properly. They are the basis of body structures, such as skin and hair, and of other substances such as enzymes, cytokines, and antibodies.
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What is protein and examples?

How Much Protein Do I Need? – The National Academy of Medicine recommends that adults get a minimum of 0.8 grams of protein for every kilogram of body weight per day, or just over 7 grams for every 20 pounds of body weight,

• For a 140-pound person, that means about 50 grams of protein each day.
• For a 200-pound person, that means about 70 grams of protein each day.

The National Academy of Medicine also sets a wide range for acceptable protein intake—anywhere from 10% to 35% of calories each day. Beyond that, there’s relatively little solid information on the ideal amount of protein in the diet or the healthiest target for calories contributed by protein.

• In an analysis conducted at Harvard among more than 130,000 men and women who were followed for up to 32 years, the percentage of calories from total protein intake was not related to overall mortality or to specific causes of death.
• However, the source of protein was important.
• What are “complete” proteins, and how much do I need? “Pure” protein, whether derived from plant or animal foods, probably has similar effects on health, although the mix of amino acids can have health implications.

Some proteins found in food are “complete,” meaning they contain all twenty-plus types of amino acids needed to make new protein in the body. Others are incomplete, lacking one or more of the nine essential amino acids, which our bodies can’t make from scratch or from other amino acids.

Animal-based foods (meat, poultry, fish, eggs, and dairy foods) tend to be good sources of complete protein, while plant-based foods (fruits, vegetables, grains, nuts, and seeds) often lack one or more essential amino acid. Those who abstain from eating animal-based foods can eat a variety of protein-containing plant foods each day in order to get all the amino acids needed to make new protein, and also choose to incorporate complete plant proteins like quinoa and chia seeds,

It’s important to note that millions of people worldwide, especially young children, don’t get enough protein due to food insecurity. The effects of protein deficiency and malnutrition range in severity from growth failure and loss of muscle mass to decreased immunity, weakening of the heart and respiratory system, and death.
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What is protein and its function?

What are proteins and what do they do? URL of this page: https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/howgeneswork/protein/ Proteins are large, complex molecules that play many critical roles in the body. They do most of the work in cells and are required for the structure, function, and regulation of the body’s tissues and organs.

Proteins are made up of hundreds or thousands of smaller units called amino acids, which are attached to one another in long chains. There are 20 different types of amino acids that can be combined to make a protein. The sequence of amino acids determines each protein’s unique 3-dimensional structure and its specific function.

Amino acids are coded by combinations of three DNA building blocks (nucleotides), determined by the sequence of genes. Proteins can be described according to their large range of functions in the body, listed in alphabetical order:

Examples of protein functions

Function	Description	Example
Antibody	Antibodies bind to specific foreign particles, such as viruses and bacteria, to help protect the body.
Enzyme	Enzymes carry out almost all of the thousands of chemical reactions that take place in cells. They also assist with the formation of new molecules by reading the genetic information stored in DNA.
Messenger	Messenger proteins, such as some types of hormones, transmit signals to coordinate biological processes between different cells, tissues, and organs.
Structural component	These proteins provide structure and support for cells. On a larger scale, they also allow the body to move.
Transport/storage	These proteins bind and carry atoms and small molecules within cells and throughout the body.

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What are the main functions of protein?

The Bottom Line – Protein has many roles in your body. It helps repair and build your body’s tissues, allows metabolic reactions to take place and coordinates bodily functions. In addition to providing your body with a structural framework, proteins also maintain proper pH and fluid balance.
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What is the main purpose of protein?

You need protein in your diet to help your body repair cells and make new ones. Protein is also important for growth and development in children, teens, and pregnant women.
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How are proteins made short answer?

Proteins are the key working molecules and building blocks in all cells. They are produced in a similar two-step process in all organisms called protein synthesis – DNA is first transcribed into RNA, then RNA is translated into protein. Upstream of individual genes, sequences of DNA called promoters determine when proteins are produced and in what amounts.
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What are types of proteins?

Types of Proteins – There is a total of seven different protein types under which all proteins fall. These include antibodies, contractile proteins, enzymes, hormonal proteins, structural proteins, storage proteins, and transport proteins. Antibodies: Antibodies are specialized proteins that defend the body against antigens or foreign invaders.

• The cytoplasm of cells is a colloidal network of contractile proteins. Actin filaments are the major components of this network, See Muscle Cells (Myocyte)
• Eukaryotes tend to possess copious amounts of actin, which controls muscle contraction as well as cellular movement and division processes. Myosin powers the tasks carried out by actin by supplying it with energy.

Enzymes: All enzymes identified thus far are proteins.

• Enzymes, which are the catalysts of all metabolic reactions, enable an organism to build up the chemical substances necessary for life—proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, and lipids —to convert them into other substances, and to degrade them.
• Life without enzymes is not possible,

Hormonal Proteins: Hormonal proteins are messenger proteins that help coordinate certain bodily functions.eg:

• Growth factors are highly specific proteins, a subdivision of cytokines, Growth factors stimulate the division and differentiation of a particular type of cell. In skeletal muscle hypertrophy, growth factors include insulin-like growth factor (IGF). IGF is secreted by skeletal muscle. It regulates insulin metabolism and stimulates protein synthesis.,
• Testosterone is an androgen, or a male sex hormone. The primary physiological role of androgens are to promote the growth and development of male organs and characteristics. Testosterone affects the nervous system, skeletal muscle, bone marrow, skin, hair and the sex organs.
• Cortisol is a steroid hormone (hormones which have a steroid nucleus that can pass through a cell membrane without a receptor) which is produced in the adrenal cortex of the kidney, It is a stress hormone.

Structural Proteins: A large group of structural proteins maintains and protects the structure of the animal body,

• The most common example of a structural protein is collagen which is found in the bones, cells and skin.
• Structural proteins are also found in cells. They are used to provide an internal structure to the cell (the cytoskeleton ) and are sometimes involved in cell movement. Structural proteins are especially important in larger cells.

Storage Proteins: Storage proteins reserve amino acids for the body until ready for use. Examples of storage proteins include

Ferritin a storage protein that stores iron,

Transport Proteins: Transport proteins are carrier proteins that move molecules from one place to another in the body.

• The respiratory protein hemoglobin acts as oxygen carrier in the blood, transporting oxygen from the lung to body organs and tissues,
• Cytochromes, another type of transport protein, operate in the electron transport chain as electron carrier proteins. See Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

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What is the main example of proteins?

Types and Functions of Proteins

Type	Examples
Digestive Enzymes	Amylase, lipase, pepsin, trypsin
Transport	Hemoglobin, albumin
Structural	Actin, tubulin, keratin
Hormones	Insulin, thyroxine

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What are the 4 types of protein?

Tutorial –

It is convenient to describe protein structure in terms of 4 different aspects of covalent structure and folding patterns. The different levels of protein structure are known as primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure.

Primary Structure of Proteins

The primary structure is the sequence of amino acids that make up a polypeptide chain.20 different amino acids are found in proteins. The exact order of the amino acids in a specific protein is the primary sequence for that protein.

Secondary Structure of Proteins

Protein secondary structure refers to regular, repeated patterns of folding of the protein backbone. The two most common folding patterns are the alpha helix and the beta sheet,
Alpha Helix In an alpha helix, the polypeptide backbone coils around an imaginary helix axis in clockwise direction. In this illustration, only the N-C-CO backbone atoms are shown. Note the coiling of the backbone around an imaginary axis down the center of the helix.
Beta sheet In the beta sheet secondary structure, the polypeptide backbone is nearly fully extended. The R-groups (not shown) are alternately pointed above and then below the extended backbone.

Tertiary Structure of Proteins

Tertiary structure refers to the overall folding of the entire polypeptide chain into a specific 3D shape. The tertiary structure of enzymes is often a compact, globular shape.
Tertiary structure of the triose phosphate isomerase (TPI) molecule.

Quaternary Structure of Proteins

Many proteins are formed from more than one polypeptide chain. The quaternary structure describes the way in which the different subunits are packed together to form the overall structure of the protein. For example, the human hemoglobin molecule shown below is made of four subunits.

Revised: October 2004 http://www.biology.arizona.edu All contents copyright © 1996-2003. All rights reserved. : Large Molecules Problem Set
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What are the 4 main protein types?

To understand how a protein gets its final shape or conformation, we need to understand the four levels of protein structure: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.
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What is another name protein?

The Shape of a Protein Is Specified by Its Amino Acid Sequence – Recall from Chapter 2 that there are 20 types of amino acids in proteins, each with different chemical properties. A protein molecule is made from a long chain of these amino acids, each linked to its neighbor through a covalent peptide bond ( Figure 3-1 ).
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Where is protein found?

– According to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2015–2020, a healthful eating pattern includes a variety of foods containing protein. Both animal and plant foods can be excellent sources of protein. The guidelines classify the following foods as protein foods:

seafoodlean meats and poultryeggslegumes, which include beans and peasnutsseedssoy products

Dairy products, such as milk, cheese, and yogurt, also contain protein. Whole grains and vegetables contain some protein, but generally less than other sources. Animal products tend to contain higher amounts of protein than plant foods, so people following a vegetarian diet or a vegan diet may need to plan their meals to ensure they meet their protein needs.

Read about plant-based sources of protein here. The FDA advise that people can tell if a food product is high or low in protein by checking the label. Foods that provide 5% or less of a person’s daily value (DV) are considered low in protein. Foods with 20% DV or more are considered high in protein. A person does not need to consume foods containing all the essential amino acids at each meal because their body can use amino acids from recent meals to form complete proteins.

Eating a variety of protein foods throughout the day is the best way for a person to meet their daily protein needs. Read about some healthful high protein foods here.
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How is protein made of?

Proteins are built as chains of amino acids, which then fold into unique three-dimensional shapes. Bonding within protein molecules helps stabilize their structure, and the final folded forms of proteins are well-adapted for their functions.
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What are PE PPE proteins?

The PE/PPE family of proteins, named for the homologous proline-glutamate (PE) or proline-proline-glutamate (PPE) repeated regions in their N terminus, comprises 169 orthologs. These proteins represent nearly 10% of the M. tuberculosis genome, and many are substrates for the type VII secretion systems of M.
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What’s considered protein?

Protein Foods include all foods made from seafood; meat, poultry, and eggs; beans, peas, lentils; and nuts, seeds, and soy products. Beans, peas, and lentils are also part of the Vegetable Group.
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What is protein synthesis GCSE PE?

Protein and amino acids – Protein is made up of a number of distinct modules known as amino acids, there are 20 amino acids in total. Of the 20 amino acids, 8 are considered essential and 12 are considered non-essential. The 8 essential amino acids must be consumed within the diet, whereas the 12 non-essential amino acids can be synthesised within the body.

The protein we consume in our diet is broken down by our digestive system into its constituent amino acids and then reformed to create specific amino acids required for different functions within the body. The process of breaking down proteins into individual amino acids and then reforming them is known as protein synthesis.

Protein quality is important, not all amino acids are considered equal when it comes to muscle building and repair. The branch chain amino acids leucine, isoleucine, and valine, all promote muscle protein synthesis, with leucine being considered the jewel in the crown!
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