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Wilhelm Wundt structuralism, in psychology, a systematic movement founded in Germany by Wilhelm Wundt and mainly identified with Edward B. Titchener, Structuralism sought to analyze the adult mind (defined as the sum total of experience from birth to the present) in terms of the simplest definable components and then to find the way in which these components fit together in complex forms.

The major tool of structuralist psychology was introspection (a careful set of observations made under controlled conditions by trained observers using a stringently defined descriptive vocabulary). Titchener held that an experience should be evaluated as a fact, as it exists without analyzing the significance or value of that experience.

For him, the “anatomy of the mind” had little to do with how or why the mind functions. In his major treatise, A Textbook of Psychology (1909–10), he stated that the only elements necessary to describe the conscious experience are sensation and affection (feeling). More From Britannica French literature: Structuralism Although structuralism represented the emergence of psychology as a field separate from philosophy, the structural school lost considerable influence when Titchener died. The movement led, however, to the development of several countermovements that tended to react strongly to European trends in the field of experimental psychology,

1. Behaviour and personality were beyond the scope considered by structuralism.
2. In separating meaning from the facts of experience, structuralism opposed the phenomenological tradition of Franz Brentano ‘s act psychology and Gestalt psychology, as well as the functionalist school and John B.
3. Watson ‘s behaviourism,

Serving as a catalyst to functionalism, structuralism was always a minority school of psychology in America, The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica This article was most recently revised and updated by Brian Duignan,
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Who is associated with structuralism theory?

Structuralism, Theories of – W.V. Heydebrand, in International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 2001 Structuralism is an intellectual tendency that seeks to understand and explain social reality in terms of social structures. Structures are defined as the patterns and forms of social relations and combinations among a set of constituent social elements or component parts such as positions, units, levels, regions and locations, and social formations.

Structuralism tends to proceed on two different analytic levels, as a method of analysis or procedure of knowing (epistemology), and as an ontology or metaphysical design of social reality. It also tends to approach its subject matter under the auspices of two different meta-theoretical perspectives on social reality: social structure as an empirical and historical reality, and social structure as a model or representation of reality.

The conceptual property space generated by these analytic dimensions accommodates the major theories of structuralism existing today, viz. sociological structuralism, symbolic structuralism, historical structuralism, and orthodox structuralism. Major figures relevant to understanding structuralism are Marx, Durkheim, Saussure, Piaget, Lévi-Strauss, and Althusser.
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Who are the theorists of structuralism psychology?

Structuralism is considered the first school of thought in psychology, and was established in Germany by Wilhelm Wundt, and mainly associated with Edward B. Titchener.
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Which early psychologists was a structuralist?

Learning Objectives –

Define structuralism and functionalism and the contributions of Wundt and James to the development of psychology

Psychology is a relatively young science with its experimental roots in the 19th century, compared, for example, to human physiology, which dates much earlier. As mentioned, anyone interested in exploring issues related to the mind generally did so in a philosophical context prior to the 19th century.

• Two men, working in the 19th century, are generally credited as being the founders of psychology as a science and academic discipline that was distinct from philosophy.
• Their names were Wilhelm Wundt and William James.
• Structuralism is one of the earliest schools of psychology, focused on understanding the conscious experience through introspection.

It was introduced by Wilhelm Wundt and built upon by his student, Edward Titchener. Let’s review a brief history of how structuralism was developed by these two scholars. Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920) was a German scientist who was the first person to be referred to as a psychologist.

His famous book entitled Principles of Physiological Psychology was published in 1873. Wundt viewed psychology as a scientific study of conscious experience, and he believed that the goal of psychology was to identify components of consciousness and how those components combined to result in our conscious experience.

Wundt used introspection (he called it “internal perception”), a process by which someone examines their own conscious experience as objectively as possible, making the human mind like any other aspect of nature that a scientist observed. He believed in the notion of voluntarism—that people have free will and should know the intentions of a psychological experiment if they were participating (Danziger, 1980).

Wundt considered his version experimental introspection; he used instruments such as those that measured reaction time. He also wrote Volkerpsychologie in 1904 in which he suggested that psychology should include the study of culture, as it involves the study of people. Wundt’s version of introspection used only very specific experimental conditions in which an external stimulus was designed to produce a scientifically observable (repeatable) experience of the mind (Danziger, 1980).

The first stringent requirement was the use of “trained” or practiced observers, who could immediately observe and report a reaction. The second requirement was the use of repeatable stimuli that always produced the same experience in the subject and allowed the subject to expect and thus be fully attentive to the inner reaction.

These experimental requirements were put in place to eliminate “interpretation” in the reporting of internal experiences and to counter the argument that there is no way to know that an individual is observing their mind or consciousness accurately, since it cannot be seen by any other person. Edward Titchener, one of his students, built upon Wundt’s ideas to develop the idea concept of structuralism,

Its focus was on the contents of mental processes rather than their function (Pickren & Rutherford, 2010). Wundt established his psychology laboratory at the University at Leipzig in 1879. In this laboratory, Wundt and his students conducted experiments on, for example, reaction times.

A subject, sometimes in a room isolated from the scientist, would receive a stimulus such as a light, image, or sound. The subject’s reaction to the stimulus would be to push a button, and an apparatus would record the time to reaction. Wundt could measure reaction time to one-thousandth of a second (Nicolas & Ferrand, 1999).

Experimental requirements of using trained observers and repeatable stimuli were put in place to eliminate “interpretation” of the reporting of internal experiences. However, despite the efforts to train individuals in the process of introspection, this process remained highly subjective, and there was very little agreement between individuals. Figure 1, (a) Wilhelm Wundt is credited as one of the founders of psychology. He created the first laboratory for psychological research. (b) This photo shows him seated and surrounded by fellow researchers and equipment in his laboratory in Germany. Figure 2, William James, shown here in a self-portrait, was the first American psychologist. William James (1842–1910) was the first American psychologist who espoused a different perspective on how psychology should operate. James was introduced to Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection and accepted it as an explanation of an organism’s characteristics.

1. Ey to that theory is the idea that natural selection leads to organisms that are adapted to their environment, including their behavior.
2. Adaptation means that a trait of an organism has a function for the survival and reproduction of the individual, because it has been naturally selected.
3. As James saw it, psychology’s purpose was to study the function of behavior in the world, and as such, his perspective was known as functionalism, which is regarded as another early school of psychology.

Functionalism focused on how mental activities helped an organism fit into its environment. Functionalism has a second, more subtle meaning in that functionalists were more interested in the operation of the whole mind rather than of its individual parts, which were the focus of structuralism.

The Early Schools of Psychology (No Longer Active)

Adapted from Early Schools of Psychology from the Open Learning Initiative’s Introduction to Psychology. CC-BY-NC-SA.

School of Psychology Description Historically Important People Structuralism Focused on understanding the conscious experience through introspection Wilhelm Wundt Functionalism Emphasized how mental activities helped an organism adapt to its environment William James

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Where did the theory of structuralism come from?

structuralism, in linguistics, any one of several schools of 20th-century linguistics committed to the structuralist principle that a language is a self-contained relational structure, the elements of which derive their existence and their value from their distribution and oppositions in texts or discourse.

This principle was first stated clearly, for linguistics, by the Swiss scholar Ferdinand de Saussure (1857–1913). Saussurean structuralism was further developed in somewhat different directions by the Prague school, glossematics, and other European movements. In the United States the term structuralism, or structural linguistics, has had much the same sense as it has had in Europe in relation to the work of Franz Boas (1858–1942) and Edward Sapir (1884–1939) and their followers.

Nowadays, however, it is commonly used, in a narrower sense, to refer to the so-called post-Bloomfieldian school of language analysis that follows the methods of Leonard Bloomfield, developed after 1930. Phonology (the study of sound systems) and morphology (the study of word structure) are their primary fields of interest. More From Britannica linguistics: Structuralism The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica This article was most recently revised and updated by Adam Augustyn,
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When was structuralism psychology founded?

Wundt and Structuralism This attempt to understand the structure or characteristics of the mind was known as structuralism. Wundt established his psychology laboratory at the University at Leipzig in 1879. In this laboratory, Wundt and his students conducted experiments on, for example, reaction times.
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Who is the father of modern psychology and structuralism?

Wilhelm Wundt is the man most commonly identified as the father of psychology.1 Why Wundt?
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Who is the father of structuralism criticism?

Structuralist Criticism ” Structuralists believe that the structuring mechanisms of the human mind are the means by which we make sense out of chaos, and literature is a fundamental means by which human beings explain the world to themselves, that is, makes sense of chaos” (Tyson 208).

• Description of Theory: Structuralism wants to know ‘what is the big picture not stated?’ in a text.
• It basis its premise as everything is ‘textual’ composed of signs through language given meaning in a series of patterns related to how other texts are presented.
• This theory paved the way for Deconstructive Criticism through the use of binary oppositions where one has privilege over the other i.e.

good/bad, sweet/bitter, etc. Structuralism focuses on the privileged binary patterns or repetition within literature genres and individual stories and how if they they are mirrored in society.

Benefit of Theory:By looking at the larger outcome towards society and how material is repeated the reader can pattern tropes within society or a particular culture.Disadvantage of Theory:

Language and meaning are cultural. What a language sign means in one, may not be for another so perceived repeated themes can be misinterpreted. Questions of Structuralist Theorists to Interpret a Text: These questions of Structuralism are important because they reveal that every piece of literature reflects the reality of society.

What themes or patterns are constantly repeated in literature? How does this relate to culture as a whole?

Notable Theorist/s: Ferdinand de Saussure is considered the “Father of Structuralism”. He developed the idea of studying the language of literary texts by focusing on the words and grammar play. Saussure believed language preexists ideas because language is what births ideas and therefore culture which creates society.

His greatest creation of Structuralism is the Sign broken down into the idea (the signified) and image (the signifier) which creates the arbitrary (given by society) concept of meaning. Claude Levi-Strauss developed the structuralist idea of studying the common factors in the differences of human cultures which links humans together, i.e.

myths which are the same overall story and similar in language, but come from different cultures. : Structuralist Criticism
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Who is the father of modern psychology and developed structuralism?

Wilhelm Wundt
Education	University of Heidelberg (MD, 1856)
Known for	Experimental psychology Cultural psychology Structuralism Apperception
Scientific career
Fields	Experimental psychology, Cultural psychology, philosophy, physiology

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What psychology was influenced by structuralism?

Frequently Asked Questions –

What is the relationship between functionalism and structuralism? Structuralism was the first school of thought to emerge in psychology. Functionalism was formed as a direct response to structuralism. Where the structuralists believed psychology was about understanding the structures of the mind, the functionalists believed the goal of psychology was to understand the purpose of thoughts and behaviors. What are the similarities between structuralism and functionalism? While structuralism and functionalism took different approaches to understand human thought and behavior, they share a few important similarities. Both were interested in understanding how the elements of the mind worked together to produce actions. Both schools of thought also wanted to know more about what happens in the mind in response to the environment. How did the methods of early structuralists and functionalists differ? Structuralism studied the contents of the mind through the use of lab experiments and introspection. Functionalism, on the other hand, was more interested in using direct observation and fieldwork in order to better understand the adaptive function of behavior.

By Kendra Cherry Kendra Cherry, MS, is the author of the “Everything Psychology Book (2nd Edition)” and has written thousands of articles on diverse psychology topics. Kendra holds a Master of Science degree in education from Boise State University with a primary research interest in educational psychology and a Bachelor of Science in psychology from Idaho State University with additional coursework in substance use and case management.
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Who was the first woman to find the structuralism in psychology?

Professional Life – Margaret Floy Washburn was born in New York City on July 25, 1871. She began college at the age of 16 and soon became a member of the Kappa Alpha Theta Sorority at Vassar College in Poughkeepsie, New York. When she graduated from Vassar in 1891, she wanted to study at Columbia University.

At that time, women weren’t generally permitted in graduate programs; Washburn was permitted to sit in on classes at Columbia as an observer. She went on to attend the Sage School of Philosophy at Cornell to work with experimental psychologist E.B. Titchener, who founded the theory of psychological structuralism.

Washburn was responsible for all experiments and research. She earned her master’s degree in 1893, and one year later, she made history as the first woman to earn a PhD in psychology. She spent six years teaching psychology, ethics, and philosophy at Wells College for women, two years as warden at Sage College for women, and one year leading the psychology department at the University of Cincinnati.

Ultimately, Washburn returned to Vassar in 1903 as an associate professor in psychology. She advanced to professor of psychology in 1908, and she remained there until a stroke necessitated her retirement in 1937. Washburn was active in the American Psychological Association, and she served as president for the association in 1921.

She was also a member of the National Research Council and the second woman to be elected to the National Academy of Sciences. Washburn died in 1939.
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What is the structuralist approach to psychology?

Structuralism is a school of thought in psychology that attempts to understand human consciousness by examining its underlying components. By identifying the basic and rudimentary components and examining how they operate together, it is possible to understand human behavior.

This school of thought was founded by Wilhelm Wundt and his student Edward Titchener. The goal of structuralism is to break down a complex phenomenon such as consciousness into is smaller components. Structuralism states that the elements of a person’s mental experiences are a result of sensations, mental images, and feelings that are associated with previous experiences.

Wundt offered the very first university course ever taught in scientific psychology in 1862 in Germany. He stressed the use of experimental methods from the natural sciences to study human consciousness and thus helped psychology move away from its roots in philosophy.
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Who was considered the father of historical structuralism?

Its founder was Ferdinand de Saussure (1857–1913), a Swiss linguist who wanted to move beyond the historical interests that dominated his field in the early twentieth century.
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Who is the father of psychology?

Secondary sources concerning Wundt –

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Evans, 1975, “Wilhelm Wundt 1832–1920: A brief biographical sketch”, Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 11(3): 287–97. Bringmann, W.G., G. Bringmann, and D. Cottrell, 1976, “Helmholtz und Wundt an der Heidelberger Universität 1858–1971”, Heidelberger Jahrbücher, 20: 79–88. Bringmann, W.G., N.J. Bringmann, and W.D.G. Balance, 1980, “Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt 1832–1874: The Formative Years”, in Bringmann and Tweney 1980: 13–32. Bringmann, W.G. and R.D. Tweney (ed.), 1980, Wundt Studies: A Centennial Collection, Toronto: C.J. Hogrefe. Brock, A., 1993, “Something Old, Something New—The ‘Reappraisal’ of Wundt in Textbooks”, Theory and Psychology, 3(2): 235–42. doi:10.1177/0959354393032008 Calvo, P., and J. Symons (eds.), 2020, The Routledge Companion to Philosophy of Psychology (2nd ed.), New York: Routledge. Danziger, K., 1979, “The Positivist Repudiation of Wundt”, Journal of the History of the Behavioural Sciences, 15(3): 205–30. doi:10.1002/1520–6696(197907)15:3 3.0.CO;2-P –––, 1983, “Origins and Basic Principles of Wundt’s Völkerpsychologie “, British Journal of Social Psychology, 22: 303–13. doi:10.1111/j.2044–8309.1983.tb00597.x –––, 1990, Constructing the Subject: Historical Origins of Psychological Research, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. De Kock, L., 2018, “On Making Sense: An exploration of Wundt’s apperceptionist account of meaningful speech”, Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 54(4): 272–92. Diamond, Solomon, 1980, “Wundt before Leipzig”, in Rieber 1980: 3–70. Eisler, R., 1902, W. Wundts Philosophie und Psychologie, Leipzig: Barth. Emmans, D. and A. Laihinen (eds.), 2015, Comparative Neuropsychology and Brain Imaging: Festschrift in Honour of Prof. Dr. Ulrike Halsband, Vienna: LIT Verlag. Estes, W.K., 1979, “Experimental Psychology: An Overview”, in Hearst 1979a: 623–67. Fahrenberg, J., 2012, “Wilhelm Wundts Wissenschaftstheorie: Ein Rekonstruktionsversuch”, Psychologische Rundschau, 63(4): 228–38. –––, 2013, “Zur Kategorienlehre der Psychologie. Komplementaritätsprinzip. Perspektiven und Perspektiven-Wechsel”, Lengerich: Pabst Science Publishers. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11780/689 –––, 2015a, “Wilhelm Wundts Neuropsychologie”, in Emmans and Laihinen, 2015: 348–74. –––, 2015b, “Theoretische Psychologie—Eine Systematik der Kontroversen”, Lengerich: Pabst Science Publishers. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11780/904 –––, 2017, “The Influence of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz on the Psychology, Philosophy, and Ethics of Wilhelm Wundt”, Philosophie der Psychologie, 26: 1–53 (see also Fahrenberg 2017, Other Internet Resources). –––, 2018, Wilhelm Wundt (1832–1920). 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Buchholz, 2012, Der Besen, mit dem die Hexe fliegt: Wissenschaft und Therapeutik des Unbewussten, Giessen: Psychosozial-Verlag. Gonzáles-Álvarez, J., 2014, El laboratorio de Wundt: Nacimiento de la ciencia psicológica, Castelló de la Plana: Universitat Jaume I. Greenwood, J., 2003, “Wundt, Völkerpsychologie, and Experimental Social Psychology”, History of Psychology, 6(1): 70–88. Hall, G.S., 1912, Founders of Modern Psychology, New York, London: Appleton. Hatfield, G., 1997, “Wundt and Psychology as Science: Disciplinary Transformations”, Perspectives on Science, 5(3): 349–82. –––, 2020, “Wundt and ‘higher cognition’: Elements, association, apperception, and experiment”, HOPOS: The Journal of the International Society for the History of Philosophy of Science ; doi: 10.1086/707522. Hearst, E., 1979a, The First Century of Experimental Psychology, Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers. –––, 1979b, “One Hundred Years: Themes and Perspectives”, in Hearst 1979a: 1–37. Heidegger, M., 1913, “Die Lehre vom Urteil im Psychologismus: Ein kritisch-positiver Beitrag zur Logik”, vol.1 of the Gesamtausgabe, Frankfurt am Main: Klostermann. Höffding, H., 1905, Moderne Philosophen, Leipzig: Reisland. Humphrey, G., 1968, “Wilhelm Wundt: The Great Master”, in Wolman 1968: 275–97. Husserl, E., 1897, “Bericht über deutsche Schriften zur Logik aus dem Jahre 1894”, Archiv für systematische Philosophie, 3: 216–44. –––, 1901, Logische Untersuchungen, Halle: Niemeyer. Jovanović, G., L. Allolio-Näcke, C. Ratner (eds.), The Challenges of Cultural Psychology: Historical Legacies and Future Responsibilities, London: Routledge. Jüttemann, G. (ed.), 2006, Wilhelm Wundts anderes Erbe, Göttingen: Vandenhoek & Ruprecht. –––, 2013, Die Entwicklung der Psyche in der Geschichte der Menschheit, Lengerich: Pabst Science Publishers. Kim, A., 2009, “Early Experimental Psychology”, in Calvo and Symons, 2009: 41–58. König, E., 1901, W. Wundt, seine Philosophie und Psychologie, Stuttgart: Fr. Frommanns Verlag. Krauss, C.R., 2019, Wundt, Avenarius, and scientific psychology: A debate at the turn of the twentieth century, Cham: Palgrave. Kurz, E., 1996, “Marginalizing Discovery: Karl Popper’s Intellectual Roots in Psychology”, Creative Research Journal, 1: 173–88. Kusch, M., 1995, Psychologism: A case study in the sociology of philosophical knowledge, London & New York: Routledge. See especially pages 125–37. –––, 1999, Psychological Knowledge, New York: Routledge. Lamberti, G., 1995, Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt (1832–1920): Leben, Werk und Persönlichkeit in Bildern und Texten, Bonn: Deutscher Psychologen Verlag. Leahey, T.H., 2018, A History of Psychology: From Antiquity to Modernity, 8th edition, New York: Routledge. Littman, R.A., 1979, “Social and Intellectual Origins of Experimental Psychology”, in Hearst 1979a: 39–86. 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Did Wilhelm Wundt discover structuralism?

Edward B. Titchener

• Structuralism is a theory of consciousness that seeks to analyze the elements of mental experiences, such as sensations, mental images, and feelings, and how these elements combine to form more complex experiences.
• Structuralism was founded by Wilhelm Wundt, who used controlled methods, such as introspection,to break down consciousness to its basic elements without sacrificing any of the properties of the whole.
• Structuralism was further developed by Wundt’s student, Edward B. Titchener.
• Titchener proposed 3 elementary states of consciousness: Sensations (sights, sounds, tastes), Images (components of thoughts), and Affections (components of emotions).

Structuralism proposes that the structure of conscious experience could be understood by analyzing the basic elements of thoughts and sensations. Structuralism is considered the first school of thought in psychology, and was established in Germany by, and mainly associated with Edward B.

Titchener. Structuralism looked to examine the adult mind in terms of analyzing the basic elements of thoughts and sensations, and afterward to discover the manner by which these segments fit together in complex structures. Wundt’s aim was to record thoughts and sensations, and to analyze them into their constituent elements, in much the same way as a chemist analyses chemical compounds, in order to get at the underlying structure.

The school of psychology founded by Wundt is known as voluntarism, the process of organizing the mind. Wundt’s theory was developed and promoted by his one-time student, Edward Titchener (1898), who described his system as Structuralism, or the analysis of the basic elements that constitute the mind.
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Who was the founder of structuralism and the first psychology lab?

A Brief History of Structuralism – Psychology itself did not emerge as a discipline separate from biology and philosophy until the late 1800s. The founding of the very first experimental psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany, formally established psychology as a separate science.

1. The scientist Wilhelm Wundt was responsible for establishing the lab, which is why he is widely regarded as the father of psychology.
2. Wundt was interested in studying the inner workings of the mind objectively and scientifically.
3. He utilized a method known as introspection, which involves carefully training observers to analyze the contents of their thoughts.

While his methods don’t stand up to the rigor of today scientific methods, they did help make psychology a more scientific discipline. Wundt’s background was in physiology, so many of his experiments involved things such as looking at reaction times and sensory processes.

Wundt believed that he could carefully analyze each element of the mind, breaking things down into smaller parts, to understand how the mind works. In much the same way that a physiologist might look at different parts of the body to understand how these parts function together. During this period of history, many areas of science were focused on what is known as elementalism, or breaking things down to their smallest possible parts.

This approach led to several important discoveries (consider our understanding of things such as cells, molecules, atoms, and DNA), so it is not surprising that this approach entered the emerging field of psychology.
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What are examples of structuralism in psychology?

Without a speaker, the phone would not have all of the smartphone’s expected features as people cannot communicate with one another on the phone without a speaker. The idea behind structuralism is that everything together makes up the entire experience. In this example, it is the user experience with the phone.
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Was structuralism the first school of modern psychology?

What is Structuralism? – Structuralism is the first school of thought in Psychology. It is a theory of consciousness that was found and developed in Germany. It represented psychology as a separate field and differentiated it from Philosophy. Wilhelm Wundt is often credited with the establishment of structuralism.

• But, Wundt called his ideas voluntarism.
• It is Edward Titchener who expanded on these ideas and founded structuralism.
• According to the theory of structuralism, the mind is a total of experiences of a person, from his birth to his present.
• Structuralism involved breaking down the mind into the smallest possible parts and then analyzing them in detail.

It also studies how these components fit together with each other to build even more complex forms and experiences. The basic parts of the mind or the consciousness are understood using introspection, It is the main technique in the theory of structuralism.
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Which of the following psychologists was a structuralist?

9. Which of the following psychologists was a structuralist? Wilhelm Wundt – Structuralism is the study of the most basic elements in our conscious minds.
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Did Wundt use structuralism?

Origins – Was Wundt really the founder of this early school of thought? While Wundt is often listed as the founder of structuralism, he never actually used the term. Instead, Wundt referred to his ideas as voluntarism,   It was his student, Edward B.

Titchener, who invented the term structuralism, Though Titchener is usually the one credited with the establishment of structuralism and bringing the ideas to America, the ideas started with Wundt. Titchener actually changed much of what Wundt taught. Wundt believed that the mind could be broken down into structures by classifying conscious experiences into small parts that could be analyzed, similar to other sciences.

Titchener decided to scrap Wundt’s brand of psychological study because conscious experiences aren’t as easy to control in an experiment as behavior is. Rather than focusing on obtaining quantitative measurements, Titchener prioritized observation and analysis.
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Why was Wundt a structuralist?

Edward B. Titchener

• Structuralism is a theory of consciousness that seeks to analyze the elements of mental experiences, such as sensations, mental images, and feelings, and how these elements combine to form more complex experiences.
• Structuralism was founded by Wilhelm Wundt, who used controlled methods, such as introspection,to break down consciousness to its basic elements without sacrificing any of the properties of the whole.
• Structuralism was further developed by Wundt’s student, Edward B. Titchener.
• Titchener proposed 3 elementary states of consciousness: Sensations (sights, sounds, tastes), Images (components of thoughts), and Affections (components of emotions).

Structuralism proposes that the structure of conscious experience could be understood by analyzing the basic elements of thoughts and sensations. Structuralism is considered the first school of thought in psychology, and was established in Germany by, and mainly associated with Edward B.

• Titchener.
• Structuralism looked to examine the adult mind in terms of analyzing the basic elements of thoughts and sensations, and afterward to discover the manner by which these segments fit together in complex structures.
• Wundt’s aim was to record thoughts and sensations, and to analyze them into their constituent elements, in much the same way as a chemist analyses chemical compounds, in order to get at the underlying structure.

The school of psychology founded by Wundt is known as voluntarism, the process of organizing the mind. Wundt’s theory was developed and promoted by his one-time student, Edward Titchener (1898), who described his system as Structuralism, or the analysis of the basic elements that constitute the mind.
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Is Wundt functionalism or structuralism?

James and Functionalism – William James (1842–1910) was the first American psychologist who espoused a different perspective on how psychology should operate. James was introduced to Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection and accepted it as an explanation of an organism’s characteristics.

Ey to that theory is the idea that natural selection leads to organisms that are adapted to their environment, including their behavior. Adaptation means that a trait of an organism has a function for the survival and reproduction of the individual, because it has been naturally selected. As James saw it, psychology’s purpose was to study the function of behavior in the world, and as such, his perspective was known as,

Functionalism focused on how mental activities helped an organism fit into its environment. Functionalism has a second, more subtle meaning in that functionalists were more interested in the operation of the whole mind rather than of its individual parts, which were the focus of structuralism.

Adapted from Early Schools of Psychology from the Open Learning Initiative’s Introduction to Psychology. CC-BY-NC-SA.

The Early Schools of Psychology (No Longer Active)
School of Psychology Description Historically Important People Structuralism Focused on understanding the conscious experience through introspection Wilhelm Wundt Functionalism Emphasized how mental activities helped an organism adapt to its environment William James

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