Which Of The Following Was The Doctrine Of Ajivika School?

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Which Of The Following Was The Doctrine Of Ajivika School
An Ājīvika ascetic in a Gandhara sculpture of the Mahaparinirvana, circa 2nd-3rd century CE. Ajivika ( Sanskrit ; IAST : Ājīvika ) is one of the nāstika or “heterodox” schools of Indian philosophy, Believed to be founded in the 5th century BCE by Makkhali Gosāla, it was a Śramaṇa movement and a major rival of Vedic religion, early Buddhism, and Jainism,

Ājīvikas were organized renunciates who formed discrete communities. The precise identity of the Ājīvikas is not well known, and it is even unclear if they were a divergent sect of the Buddhists or the Jains. Original scriptures of the Ājīvika school of philosophy may once have existed, but these are currently unavailable and probably lost.

Their theories are extracted from mentions of Ājīvikas in the secondary sources of ancient Indian literature, The oldest descriptions of the Ājīvika fatalists and their founder Gosāla can be found both in the Buddhist and Jaina scriptures of ancient India.

Scholars question whether Ājīvika philosophy has been fairly and completely summarized in these secondary sources, as they were written by groups (such as the Buddhists and Jains) competing with and adversarial to the philosophy and religious practices of the Ājīvikas. It is therefore likely that much of the information available about the Ājīvikas is inaccurate to some degree, and characterizations of them should be regarded carefully and critically.

The Ājīvika school is known for its Niyati (” Fate “) doctrine of absolute fatalism or determinism, the premise that there is no free will, that everything that has happened, is happening and will happen is entirely preordained and a function of cosmic principles.

  • The predetermined fate of living beings and the impossibility to achieve liberation ( moksha ) from the eternal cycle of birth, death, and rebirth was the major distinctive philosophical and metaphysical doctrine of their school of Indian philosophy.
  • Ājīvikas further considered the karma doctrine as a fallacy.

Ājīvika metaphysics included a theory of atoms which was later adapted in the Vaiśeṣika school, where everything was composed of atoms, qualities emerged from aggregates of atoms, but the aggregation and nature of these atoms was predetermined by cosmic laws and forces.

  1. Ājīvikas were mostly considered as atheists,
  2. They believed that in every living being is an ātman —a central premise of Vedic and Jainism.
  3. Ājīvika philosophy, otherwise referred to as Ājīvikism in Western scholarship, reached the height of its popularity during the rule of the Mauryan emperor Bindusara, around the 4th century BCE.

This school of thought thereafter declined, but survived for nearly 2,000 years through the 13th and 14th centuries CE in the Southern Indian states of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu, The Ājīvika philosophy, along with the Cārvāka philosophy, appealed most to the warrior, industrial, and mercantile classes of ancient Indian society,
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What does Ajivika mean?

: a member of a nontheistic religious sect greatly resembling Jainism that was founded by the Indian teacher Maskarin Gosala, a contemporary of the Buddha and Mahavira, and that flourished from the 6th to the 3d centuries b.c. as a rival of Buddhism and Jainism
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Which ruler believed in Ajivika philosophy?

Ajivika sect was founded by _.A) RaghulabadraB) UplaiC) Makkhali GosalaD) Ananda Answer Verified Hint: The Ajivikas were an ancient sect of Indian ascetics who believed in liberation, fatalism and karma. This sect was popular during the reign of the Mauryan emperor Bindusara.

King Bindusara and his wife were the followers of this sect. This sect also mentioned in the edicts of Ashoka. Complete answer: The founder of Ajivika sect was Makkali Gosala. According to our current knowledge, Makkali Gosala is the name that is associated with this sect. He was the contemporary of Mahavira and Gautam Buddha.

Jain texts mention that Makkali Gosala was a disciple of Mahavira for six years after which they parted ways and Gosala founded his own sect. During the early period of Jain and Buddhist traditions, Ajivika philosophy was major rival of them. Ajivika philosophy was popular during the period of Mauryan Emperor Bindusara.

He was the father of Emperor Asoka. After Asoka embraced Buddhism, the popularity of Ajivika philosophy declined, but it was still able to survive for the next 1600 years in the southern states of Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. In the 14th century AD, finally came to an end of this sect. So, the correct answer is Option C.

Note: We do not have direct texts of the Ajivika philosophy to refer to. The original texts of Ajivika philosophy might have been lost. We know about their principles only through the criticism of this philosophy in the books of other Indian traditions.
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Who was proponent of Ajivika?

The Indian Philosophy is a combination of orthodox or heterodox philosophy which is guided either by the recognition of Vedas or don’t believe in the authority of Vedas. In this article, we are giving 10 GK Questions and Answers on the Heterodox School of Indian Philosophy, which is very useful for the competitive examinations like UPSC-prelims, SSC, State Services, NDA, CDS, and Railways etc.

  1. The Indian Philosophy is a combination of orthodox or heterodox philosophy which is guided either by the recognition of Vedas or don’t believe in the authority of Vedas.
  2. There are six orthodox schools (Astika) and five heterodox (Nastika) schools.
  3. Out of these, eight are atheistic as there is no place for God in them.
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Only Uttara Mimansa, which is also called Vedanta, has a place for God in it.1. Which of the following is not school of Heterodox Indian Philosophy? A. Vaisheshika B. Ajivika (Fatalism) C. Unchedvadi (Materialism) D. Nityavadi (Eternalism) Ans: A Explanation: The Schools of Indian Philosophy that do not accept the authority of Vedas are by definition unorthodox (nastika) systems.

  • Vaisheshika school of Indian Philosophy is orthodox school Indian Philosophy.
  • Hence, A is the correct option.2.
  • Who among the following was the proponent of Ajivika (Fatalism) school of Indian Philosophy? A.
  • Ajita Kesakambali B.
  • Makkhali Gosala C.
  • Pakudha Kaccayana D.
  • Sanjaya Belatthiputta Ans: B Explanation: Ajivika (Fatalism) is one of the heterodox (Nastik) schools of Indian Philosophy.

Makkhali Gosala was the proponent of this philosophy. Hence, B is the correct option.3. Which of the following Indian philosopher who was the first disciple of Vardhaman Mahavira? A. Ajita Kesakambali B. Makkhali Gosala C. Pakudha Kaccayana D. Sanjaya Belatthiputta Ans: B Explanation: Makkhali Gosala was the proponent of Ajivika (Fatalism) philosophy.

He was the first disciple of Vardhaman Mahavira. Hence, B is the correct option. GK Quiz on Gandhara, Mathura and Amravati School of Arts 4. Who among the following considered as the first known proponent of Indian materialism? A. Purana Kassapa B. Sanjaya Belatthiputta C. Pakudha Kaccayana D. Ajita Kesakambali Ans: D Explanation: Ajita Kesakambali was an ancient Indian philosopher in the 6th century BC and considered as the first known proponent of Indian materialism.

Hence, D is the correct option.5. Who among the following was the proponent of agnosticism in Indian Philosophy? A. Purana Kassapa B. Sanjaya Belatthiputta C. Pakudha Kaccayana D. Ajita Kesakambali Ans: B Explanation: Sanjaya Belatthiputta was the proponent of agnosticism in Indian Philosophy.

  • Hence, B is the correct option.6.
  • Which of the following movement gave rise to the diverse range of heterodox beliefs? A.
  • Bhakti Movement B.
  • Sufi Movement C.
  • Sramana movement D.
  • All of the above Ans: C Explanation: The Sramana movement gave rise to the diverse range of heterodox beliefs, ranging from accepting or denying the concept of soul, atomism, antinomian ethics, materialism, atheism, agnosticism, fatalism to free will, idealization of extreme asceticism to that of family life, strict ahimsa (non-violence) and vegetarianism to permissibility of violence and meat-eating.

Hence, C is the correct option.7. Who among the following was the proponent of Akriyavadi (Amoralism)? A. Purana Kassapa B. Sanjaya Belatthiputta C. Pakudha Kaccayana D. Ajita Kesakambali Ans: A Explanation: Purana Kassapa was the proponent of this philosophy.

It denies any reward or punishment for either good or bad deeds. Hence, C is the correct option.8. Which of the following heterodox Indian Philosophy was very popular during the time Bindusara (Mauryan Emperor)? A. Vaisheshika B. Ajivika (Fatalism) C. Unchedvadi (Materialism) D. Nityavadi (Eternalism) Ans: B Explanation: Ajivika (Fatalism) philosophy believed in Karma, Fatalism and extreme passivity.

It was very popular during the time Bindusara (Mauryan Emperor). Hence, B is the correct option.9. Which of the following Indian Philosophy similar to the Western philosophical doctrine of Subjectivism? A. Anekantavada B. Buddhist Philosophy C. Indian Political Philosophy D.

None of the above Ans: A Explanation: Anekantavada Philosophy is similar to the Western philosophical doctrine of Subjectivism. Hence, A is the correct option.10. Which of the following is related with the philosophy deals extensively with problems in metaphysics, phenomenology, ethics and epistemology? A.

Jain Philosophy B. Buddhist Philosophy C. Carvaka Philosophy D. Vedanta Philosophy Ans: B Explanation: Buddhist philosophy deals extensively with problems in metaphysics, phenomenology, ethics and epistemology. Hence, B is the correct option. GK Questions and Answers on Art and Philosophy Literature
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In which book is Ajivika mentioned?

There are only a few Hindu, Jaina, and Buddhist texts that mention the Ajivika sect. The Manimekalai, the Tamil Buddhist epic outlines information about the Ajivika sect. Similarly, the Nilakesi, another epic of Jaina, mentions about the Ajivika.
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What are Ajivikas and Charvakas?

Cārvāka and Aajivika Sects Published: April 25, 2016 The nāstika (heterodox) schools don’t draw upon the Vedas as the sole primary authoritative text, but may emphasize other traditions of thought. The main nāstika schools are Cārvāka (pronounced Charvaka) and Ajivika. Contents
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What was the religion and philosophy of the Gupta period?

Religion – The Guptas were traditionally a Hindu dynasty. They were orthodox Hindus, and allowed followers of Buddhism and Jainism to practice their religions. Sanchi remained an important centre of Buddhism. Kumaragupta I (455 CE) is said to have founded Nalanda,

Modern genetic studies indicate that it was during the Gupta period that Indian caste groups ceased to intermarry (started practicing/enforcing endogamy ). Some later rulers however seem to have especially promoted Buddhism, Narasimhagupta Baladitya ( c. 495 –?), according to contemporary writer Paramartha, was brought up under the influence of the Mahayanist philosopher, Vasubandhu,

He built a sangharama at Nalanda and also a 300 ft (91 m) high vihara with a Buddha statue within which, according to Xuanzang, resembled the “great Vihara built under the Bodhi tree “. According to the Manjushrimulakalpa ( c. 800 CE ), king Narasimhsagupta became a Buddhist monk, and left the world through meditation ( Dhyana ).
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Which of the following systems of Indian philosophy uphold the ideology of Charvakism Ajivika Jainism and Buddhism?

Solution(By Examveda Team) – Unorthodox systems of Indian Philosophy uphold the ideology of Charvakism, Ajivika, Jainism and Buddhism.
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What is the religion Charvaka?

Charvaka, also called Lokayata (Sanskrit: ‘Worldly Ones’), a philosophical Indian school of materialists who rejected the notion of an afterworld, karma, liberation (moksha), the authority of the sacred scriptures, the Vedas, and the immortality of the self.
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What was Bindusara Ajivika religion?

Bindusara, under the influence of Bhadrabahu, converted to Jainism.2. Chandragupta Maurya had inclination towards Ajivika sect.
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Who was the founder of Charvaka?

Charvaka ( Sanskrit : चार्वाक ; IAST : Cārvāka ), also known as Lokāyata, is an ancient school of Indian materialism, Charvaka holds direct perception, empiricism, and conditional inference as proper sources of knowledge, embraces philosophical skepticism and rejects ritualism and supernaturalism,

  1. It was a popular belief system in ancient India,
  2. Brihaspati, a philosopher, is traditionally referred to as the founder of Charvaka or Lokāyata philosophy, although some scholars dispute this.
  3. During the Hindu reformation period in the first millennium BCE, when Buddhism was established by Gautama Buddha and Jainism was re-organized by Parshvanatha, the Charvaka philosophy was well documented and opposed by both religions.

Much of the primary literature of Charvaka, the Barhaspatya sutras, were lost either due to waning popularity or other unknown reasons. Its teachings have been compiled from historic secondary literature such as those found in the shastras, sutras, and the Indian epic poetry as well as in the dialogues of Gautama Buddha and from Jain literature,

However, there is text that may belong to the Charvaka tradition, written by the skeptic philosopher Jayarāśi Bhaṭṭa, known as the Tattvôpaplava-siṁha, that provides information about this school, albeit unorthodox. One of the widely studied principles of Charvaka philosophy was its rejection of inference as a means to establish valid, universal knowledge, and metaphysical truths.

In other words, the Charvaka epistemology states that whenever one infers a truth from a set of observations or truths, one must acknowledge doubt; inferred knowledge is conditional. Charvaka is categorized as one of the nāstika or “heterodox” schools of Indian philosophy,
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Who was the greatest of the Ajivikas?

Ajivikas – History | | | Ajivikas The Ajivikas are believed to have evolved from one of the many ascetic groups of the times. Ajivikas The Ajivikas are believed to have evolved from one of the many ascetic groups of the times. According to Buddhist records, Nanda Vaccha was considered the founder of the Ajivika sect.

He was succeeded by Kisa Samkicca, followed by Makkhali Gosala, who was the third and the greatest of the Ajivikas. Gosala met Mahavira for the first time in Nalanda and their friendship lasted for six years. They separated due to doctrinal differences. Gosala then went to Sravasti, where he was patronised by a rich potter woman called Halahala.

He believed in the doctrine of reanimation, and criticised and ridiculed the severe austerities of the Vedic ascetics. Being rival sects, both the Buddhist and Jaina accounts portray Gosala as a person of vicious character. Sravasti was the headquarters of the Ajivika sect.

  • The Ajivikas were naked ascetics.
  • The basic principle of the Ajivikas was niyati or fate: they believed that nothing in this world could be changed as everything was predetermined.
  • Everyone has to pass through a series of transmigrations to put an end to pain.
  • According to Ajivikas, there were six inevitable factors in life, viz.

gain and loss, joy and sorrow, and life and death. Two other preachers, Purana Kassapa and Pakudha Kacchayana, joined the Ajivikas after the death of Gosala and infused new life to it. Purana Kassapa held the view that actions did not have any merit or demerit.

  1. No evil is caused by torture, hurting and killing others.
  2. Similarly, no merit is acquired by generosity, self-control and truthful speech.
  3. Humans cannot change anything by action as everything is predetermined.
  4. According to him, non-action is the way out of life.
  5. Pakudha Kacchayana believed that the world was made of seven substances that were “unmade, irreducible, uncreated, barren, stable as a mountain peak, standing firm like a pillar – that do not alter, do not change, do not interfere with one another, are incapable of causing one another pleasure, pain or both pleasure and pain”.

The Ajivikas had rich lay disciples such as potters and bankers. The Ajivika sect spread across the length and breadth of the country, though their influence was much less compared to that of Buddhism and Jainism. Ajita Kesakambalin (Ajita of the Hair Blanket) was a materialist.

He believed that every human was made of four primary elements: fire, water, wind and sense. After death, these elements return to the earth. There is no life after death. He said, “Generosity is taught by idiots. The words of those who speak of existence after death are false, empty chatter. With the breakup of the body, the wise and the foolish alike are annihilated, destroyed.

They do not exist after death.”
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Who was considered greatest of Ajivikas?

Answer (Detailed Solution Below) – Option 3 : Makkhali Gosala The correct answer is option 3 i.e. Makkhali Gosala,

  • Around the 6th century BC, at the time of the Buddha, there was an explosion all across India of different schools of thought and philosophy. One of the most popular was the Ajivika sect, Makkhali Goshala was its most important leader.
  • There was no caste discrimination and people from all walks of life joined them.
  • The Barabar Caves (ancient rock-cut caves) in Bihar dating from the Mauryan Empire, were made for Ajiviks and Jains to retreat and meditate.
  • The Ajivikas ‘ central belief was that absolutely everything is predetermined by fate or niyati, and hence human action has no consequence one way or the other.
  • The sect reached its peak during the Mauryan Emperor Ashoka’s father’s Bindusara’s was a follower of Ajivika.

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Who were Ajivikas?

Ajivika was an ascetic sect that emerged in India during Buddhism and Jainism. The literal meaning of Ajivika is ‘Following the ascetic way of Life.’This sect was founded by Goshala Maskariputra. It was popular during the reign of Bindusara. The monks of this sect believed in Karma, Fatalism, and Passivity.
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What is the Gupta Empire known for?

Gupta developed the religion hinduism through the different belief systems that citizens believed in. When these beliefs combined Hinduism was formed. Gupta had developed advancements in Science, Engineering, art, dialectics, laterature, logic, mathematics, astronomy, religion, and philosophy.
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What does Gupta mean?

It is based on the Sanskrit word गोप्तृ goptṛ, which means ‘guardian’ or ‘protector’. According to historian R.C. Majumdar, the surname Gupta was adopted by several different communities in northern and eastern India at different times. Gupta.
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What was the culture of the Gupta Empire?

ayurvedic – A form of alternative medicine established in India. The prosperity created under the leadership of the Gupta Empire, which covered much of the Indian subcontinent from approximately 320-550 CE, enabled the wide pursuit of scientific and artistic endeavors.

This period became known as the Golden Age of India because it was marked by extensive inventions and discoveries in science, technology, engineering, art, dialectic, literature, logic, mathematics, astronomy, religion, and philosophy. These discoveries crystallized elements of what is generally considered Hindu culture.

Although Chandragupta I and his son, Samudragupta, were prominent rulers, the reign of Chandragupta II included the greatest promotion of science, art, philosophy, and religion by the government. Chandragupta’s court was even more influential than those that came before or after because it contained the Navaratnas, or the Nine Jewels, a group of nine scholars who produced advancements in many academic fields.

  • These scholars included Aryabhata, who is believed to have envisioned the concept of zero, as well as working on the approximation for the long-form number Pi.
  • Aryabhata is also believed to be the first of the Indian mathematician-astronomers who postulated the theory that the Earth moves round the Sun and is not flat, but instead is round and rotates on its own axis.

He also may have discovered that the moon and planets shine due to reflected sunlight. Varahamihira was an astronomer, astrologer, and mathematician, whose main work is a treatise on mathematical astronomy. Sushruta, a famed Indian physician of the Gupta period, wrote the Samhita, a Sanskrit text on all of the major concepts of ayurvedic medicine, with innovative chapters on surgery. Krishna and Radha playing Chaturanga. Scholars during the reign of Chandragupta II contributed many scientific advancements in the fields of astronomy, mathematics, and medicine. Kalidasa, considered the greatest poet and dramatist of the Sanskrit language, also belonged primarily to this period.

He wrote plays, such as Shakuntala, which is said to have inspired the famed German writer and statesman, Johann von Goethe, centuries later. Kalidasa also became renowned for his study of the shringara, or romantic, element of literature. The Indian scholar and Hindu philosopher Vatsyayana, authored the Kama Sutra, which became a standard work on human sexual behavior, while Vishnu Sharma was thought to be the author of the Panchatantra fables, one of the most widely-translated, non-religious books in history.

The cultural creativity of the Golden Age of India produced magnificent architecture, including palaces and temples, as well as sculptures and paintings of the highest quality. The walls of Buddhist shrines and monasteries were decorated with colorful frescoes, a type of wall paintings. The Dashavatara Temple. The Golden Age of India produced many temples, decorated with various sculptures and paintings, such as the Dashavatara Temple, also known as the Vishnu Temple, in central India. The Gupta Dynasty promoted Hinduism, but supported Buddhist and Jain cultures as well.

  1. Gupta Buddhist art influenced East and Southeast Asia as trade between regions increased.
  2. The Gupta Empire became an important cultural center and influenced nearby kingdoms and regions in Burma, Sri Lanka, and Southeast Asia.
  3. Classical forms of Indian music and dance, created under the Guptas, are still practiced all over Asia today.

Fa Xian was one of the first Chinese travelers to visit India during the reign of Gupta Emperor Chandragupta II. He started his journey from China in 399 CE, and reached India in 405 CE. He recorded all of his observations in a journal that was eventually published.
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What are Ajivikas and Charvakas?

Cārvāka and Aajivika Sects – GKToday Published: April 25, 2016 The nāstika (heterodox) schools don’t draw upon the Vedas as the sole primary authoritative text, but may emphasize other traditions of thought. The main nāstika schools are Cārvāka (pronounced Charvaka) and Ajivika. Contents
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What is Ajivikas a vanished Indian religion?

Buy History and Doctrines of the Ajivikas The book presents the history and the doctrines of the Ajivikas who formed a third heretical sect besides the sect of Gautama Buddha, the founder of Buddhism and that of Mahavira Vardhamana, the twenty-fourth Tirthankara of the Jainas.

  • The three heterodox sects react against the ritualistic creed of the Vedists.
  • The cult of Ajivikas was founded by Makkhali Gosal, the contemporary of Mahavira Vardhamana, on the basis of strict determinism with a belief in the all-embracing rule of Niyati (principle of order).
  • According to Gosal, it was Niyati which ultimately governed our action, controlled phenomena and left no room for human volition.

It will throw new light on an interesting and significant aspect of India’s past and will encourage further research. This book is divided into fifteen chapters discussing elaborately different aspects of the subject matter. The comprehensiven bibliography and index are the added features for the researchers for comparative as well as further study of yet unexplored areas.
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What is the meaning of Sanskrit word Yavana?

Noun. यवन (yavana) m. a foreigner, an outsider not part of the four-tiers of varna.
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