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Scientists have demonstrated that Einstein’s theory of general relativity is correct to a remarkable degree of accuracy, despite having been around for more than a century. The team behind the research wanted to test a component of Einstein’s theory of general relativity called the weak equivalence principle, which states that all objects, regardless of their mass or composition, should free-fall the same way in a particular gravitational field when interference from factors like air pressure is eliminated. To do so, the scientists measured the acceleration of free-falling objects in a French satellite called MICROSCOPE, which launched in 2016. One of the most famous tests of the weak equivalence principe occurred during an Apollo 15 moonwalk, when astronaut David Scott dropped a feather and a geological hammer at the same time; without air resistance, both objects accelerated toward the moon’s surface at the same rate. In similar style, MICROSCOPE carries free-falling test masses made of platinum and titanium alloys. Electrostatic forces keep the test masses in the same relative positions to each other, so any difference generated in this applied electrostatic force would have to be the result of deviations in the objects’ accelerations. The team’s results, which are the culmination of 20 years of research, revealed that acceleration in pairs of objects in free fall differed by no more than 1 part in 10^15, or 0.000000000000001, meaning they found no violations in the weak equivalence principle larger than that. As well as placing constraints on deviations in the weak equivalence principle, the findings also disfavor any deviations in Einstein’s 1915 theory of gravity, general relativity, as a whole. Scientists continue to look for such deviations because general relativity, the best description we have of gravity, doesn’t jive with quantum physics, the best model we have of reality at incomprehensibly small scales. No sign of deviation, then, means still no hint of extensions to general relativity waiting to be found that could bridge the gap to quantum physics. “We have new and much better constraints for any future theory because these theories must not violate the equivalence principle at this level,” Gilles Métris, a MICROSCOPE team member and a scientist at the Côte d’Azur Observatory in France, said in a statement from the American Physical Society, which published the research. MICROSCOPE launched in April 2016 and mission personnel released its preliminary results 2017. Data analysis has continued ever sense, even after the experiment ended in 2018. The fact the new research found no violation of the weak equivalence principle puts the highest constraints yet on this element of general relativity, and the results also lay the groundwork for even more sensitive tests in the future. That’s because the scientists included suggestions for how the experimental setup they used could be improved. Potential upgrades include reducing imperfections in the coating of satellites that can impact acceleration measurements as well as replacing wired systems with ones that use wireless connections, they wrote. A satellite implementing these improvements could potentially pick up violations of the weak equivalence principle as tiny as 1 part in 10^17, 100 times more sensitive than MICROSCOPE. But the team predicts these improvements won’t be feasible for some time yet, meaning that for now, the MICROSCOPE experiment will remain the best test of the weak equivalence principle. “For at least one decade or maybe two, we won’t see any improvement with a space satellite experiment,” Manuel Rodrigues, a MICROSCOPE team member and a scientist at ONERA, a French research institute specializing in aerospace, said in the same statement. The team’s research was published Wednesday (Sept.14) in the journal Physical Review Letters and a special issue of Classical and Quantum Gravity. Copyright 2022 Space.com, a Future company. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.
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Which scientist was removed from school?

Answer and Explanation: Many resources claim that Albert Einstein was kicked out of school, but he actually left school on his own when he was 15 years old.
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Did Einstein want to be a teacher?

Academic Career and Nobel Prize – Albert Einstein Author: Carl A. Gist After graduating from the Zurich Polytechnic in 1900, Einstein wanted to work as a teacher at a university. He hoped to gain a professorship at a school where he could teach, but still have time work on his theories.

• This wasn’t to be the case, however, as he struggled for two years to find a teaching position.
• Eventually, he landed a job examining patent applications.
• Einstein worked at the patent office for seven years, spending what free time he could muster reading scientific papers and working on his own theories.

Even after he published four groundbreaking scientific papers in 1905 (see Einstein’s Miracle Year ) and earned his doctorate, he still struggled to find a job teaching. Finally, in 1908, he was hired as a lecturer at the University of Bern. Academic Career As Einstein’s fame as a theoretical physicist grew, so did his opportunities in the academic arena.

A year after becoming a lecturer at the University of Bern, he was appointed to the position of associate professor of physics at the University of Zurich. He then became a full professor at the University of Prague in 1911 and, a year later, returned to Zurich as a full professor. His academic life reached its peak when he became a professor at the University of Berlin and a member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences.

At the University of Berlin, Einstein earned the salary of a professor without any teaching duties. This allowed him to focus on research and developing new theories full time. He also served as the Director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics. Albert Einstein standing in front of blackboard at California Institute of Technology in 1932 Source: Los Angeles Times photographic archive World War I Einstein considered himself a pacifist and disagreed with the prevailing nationalist politics of Germany.

During World War I, ninety-three famous German scientists, artists, and scholars signed a manifesto supporting Germany in the war. Einstein, however, refused to sign, instead signing a counter-manifesto protesting Germany’s involvement in the war. Despite living in Germany during World War I, the war seemed to have little effect on Einstein’s academic and scientific career.

It was in 1915, a year after the war started, that Einstein completed his Theory of General Relativity. This work was arguably his greatest achievement and is considered one of the great scientific theories in history. His academic career continued to flourish during the war as well.

World Traveler Not long after World War I, Einstein’s Theory of General Relativity was confirmed by experiments conducted on reflected starlight during an eclipse in 1919. He became instantly famous. Universities and scholars from around the world invited him to visit their country and lecture on his, now famous, theories.

He spent much of 1921 to 1923 traveling the world and speaking to groups of students and scientists. He also met several world leaders including U.S. President Harding, the emperor of Japan, and the King of Spain. Albert Einstein in Norway Source: University of Oslo, Norway Nobel Prize In 1922, Einstein received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics “for his services to Theoretical Physics, and especially for his discovery of the law of the photoelectric effect.” Oddly enough, Einstein never received a Nobel Prize for his work in relativity.

Einstein considered the omission a slap in the face and opted to travel to Japan rather than go to Sweden and receive the prize. When Einstein finally gave an official acceptance speech later that year, he spoke about relativity rather than the photoelectric effect. Personal Life and Divorce Einstein married Maliva Maric in 1903 and they had two sons, Hans Albert and Eduard.

In 1914, Maric discovered that Einstein was in love with his cousin Elsa. For the next five years the two lived apart. Einstein lived in Berlin, while Maric and the boys lived in Zurich. They finally got divorced in 1919. Not long after getting divorced, Einstein married Elsa. Albert Einstein and his second wife Elsa Source: Underwood and Underwood, New York Interesting Facts Einstein wasn’t offered his first professorship until nearly four years after he changed the world of modern physics with his “Miracle Year” papers in 1905.

Overview Growing up Einstein Education, the Patent Office, and Marriage The Miracle Year Theory of General Relativity Academic Career and Nobel Prize Leaving Germany and World War II More Discoveries Later Life and Death Albert Einstein Quotes and Bibliography

Back to Biographies >> Inventors and Scientists Other Inventors and Scientists: Works Cited
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Who did Einstein disagree with?

No.2627: The Bohr-Einstein Debates No.2627 THE BOHR-EINSTEIN DEBATES by Today, a clash of titans. The University of Houston’s College of Engineering presents this series about the machines that make our civilization run, and the people whose ingenuity created them. The year was 1927, and physicists were puzzled. At question was the very nature of the extremely small. Were electrons, light, and similar entities waves or particles? In some experiments, the tiny entities behaved like waves, while in others they behaved like particles. The 1927 conference on quantum mechanics was held to discuss how the many seemingly contradictory observations could be reconciled. Schrödinger and de Broglie showed up with their ideas. But the eight-hundred pound gorilla was Bohr. In what later came to be called the Copenhagen interpretation, Bohr proposed that wave equations described where entities like electrons could be, but, the entities didn’t actually exist as particles until someone went looking for them.

The act of observation caused existence. In Bohr’s own words, the entities in question had no “independent reality in the ordinary physical sense.” Einstein wouldn’t have any of it. An electron was an electron, and just because someone wasn’t looking at it, it was still there — wherever “there” happened to be.

Late in the conference, Einstein rose to challenge Bohr’s views. But that was only the beginning. Until Einstein’s death some three decades later, Bohr and Einstein entered into spirited debates — in print and face to face. The debates were gentlemanly. Through all its strangeness, Bohr’s Copenhagen interpretation remains one of the most widely accepted worldviews of quantum mechanics. Other common interpretations are seemingly even more bizarre. But they all point to one, simple fact. Our universe, as any physicist will tell you, is a mysterious place.

It teases us with unimaginable facts then leaves us to make sense of them. Perhaps someday, we will. But until then, we’ll just have to savor the great mysteries that surround us. I’m Andy Boyd at the University of Houston, where we’re interested in the way inventive minds work. (Theme music) Notes and references: Bohr was not the sole voice of the Copenhagen interpretation, even at the time of the fifth Solvay conference in 1927.

Heisenberg and Pauli, who often worked with Bohr, were also strong advocates and worked diligently to defend the Copenhagen interpretation as Einstein sought to poke holes in it. It is referred to as “Bohr’s Copenhagen interpretation” for clarity in reading, as suggested by Dr.
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Why was it not possible for Einstein to go back to Milan?

Class XI – Snapshot – Albert Einstien at School – Free Study Material,CBSE Sample Papers, Books By Patrick Pringle About the Author He was born in 1935 in Rochester, New York. Pringle grew up in Mendon, a rural town just south of his birthplace. He was educated in a one-room schoolhouse, where one teacher handled the first through eighth grades.

In 1945, the schoolhouse closed, and Pringle was sent to a central school in Honeoye Falls. This school, the author recalled in SAAS, “had a library that fed my hunger for books. After graduating from high school, Pringle worked for a year in the kitchen of the county hospital. In 1954 he enrolled at Cornell University, majoring in wildlife conservation.

At Cornell, Pringle’s interest in nature was nurtured by his classes and by vacations with friends. In 1958 Pringle began a master’s degree program at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst. While his research on cottontails earned him a degree, he continued to pursue his interest in mammalian predators.

In 1968, Pringle published his first book, Dinosaurs and Their World. A basic treatment of selected dinosaurs, their evolution, and how paleontologists learn about them. In 1970 Pringle became a freelance writer and during the remainder of the 1970s continued to publish well-received titles on nature and ecological subjects.

Pringle has been praised as one of the top writers of informational books for readers from elementary through high school. Educated as a wildlife biologist, Pringle is noted as the author of authoritative, well-researched works that inform readers about the natural sciences and the environment.

1. Pringle’s works provide information on nature and the environment while emphasizing the dangers that threaten the earth and its resources.
2. Several of these books are about the world’s rivers, forests, oceans, and deserts as well as about man-made hazards such as nuclear energy, nuclear war, global warming, oil spills, pollution, acid rain, and radiation.

Pringle also writes about what people can do to protect their environment, such as recycling, fighting world hunger, and protecting biological diversity. In addition, he has addressed such subjects as mammals, insects, birds, and fish as well as related topics, including the animal rights movement and what happens to tame animals released in the wild.

He has also authored biographies of prominent naturalists, illustrating their work with such animals as wolves, scorpions, bats, dolphins, and elephants. Albert Einstein was born in Ulm, in the Kingdom of Württemberg in the German Empire on 14 March 1879. His father was Hermann Einstein, a salesman and engineer.

His mother was Pauline Einstein. In 1880, the family moved to Munich, where his father and his uncle founded Elektrotechnische Fabrik J. Einstein & Cie, a company that manufactured electrical equipment based on direct current. Albert attended a Catholic elementary school from the age of five for three years.

At the age of eight, he was transferred to the Luitpold Gymnasium (now known as the Albert Einstein Gymnasium) where he received advanced primary and secondary school education until he left Germany seven years later. In 1894, his father’s company failed. In search of business, the Einstein family moved to Italy, first to Milan and then, a few months later, to Pavia.

When the family moved to Pavia, Einstein stayed in Munich to finish his studies at the Luitpold Gymnasium. His father intended for him to pursue electrical engineering, but Einstein clashed with authorities and resented the school’s regimen and teaching method.

Albert Einstein – a student Mr. Braun – a History teacher at Albert’s school Yuri – a friend of Albert in Munich Mr. Koch – a Mathematics teacher at Albert’s school Landlady – a woman who rented a room in her house to Albert Head Teacher – head master of the school Dr. Ernst Weil – a doctor who specialize in nerves Elsa – Albert’s cousin

Einstein was studying in a German school in Munich. His History teacher Mr. Braun asked him in which year Napoleon was defeated at Waterloo by the Prussians. The boy confessed bluntly that he didn’t know the year, and he must have forgotten. The teacher wanted to know if Einstein ever tried to learn.

1. Einstein again said with usual honesty that he did not see any point in learning dates.
2. He argued that one can always look up the dates in a book.
3. There was no sense in learning facts which was not the aim of education.
4. The teacher then asked the boy to tell the class his theory of education.
5. Albert Einstein told the class that in his opinion it was more important to know the ideas than to learn dates or facts.

He would rather like to know why the soldiers tried to kill one another. The teacher shouted that Einstein was a disgrace to the school, and he had better ask his father to take him away. Albert felt very miserable. It was a bad day. He didn’t feel like going back to that hateful school the following morning.

• But his father was not likely to take him away until he (Einstein) had taken his diploma.
• Being poor, he was putting up in a room in the poorest part of Munich.
• He hated that place also because of slum atmosphere.
• His landlady beat her children regularly, and on weekends she herself was thrashed by her drunk husband.

Albert was lucky to have a very sincere friend—Yuri. He discussed his problem of schooling as well as lodging with him. He doubted if he would ever pass the exams for the school diploma. He discussed his problem with his cousin Elsa when she came to Munich.

She advised him to take heart and just repeat what he learnt, in the examination. But his problem was that he was not good at learning things by heart. She enquired which book he was carrying under his arm. It was a book on Geology, and not a textbook at all. He studied it because he liked the subject. His second interest was music.

He played upon his violin regularly until his landlady asked him to stop that noise. She had already enough of howling by the kids. Albert told Yuri after six months that he must get away from there. It was absurd that he should waste his father’s money.

• He wished to go to Milan, Italy.
• He requested Yuri to get him a doctor’s certificate that he had a nervous breakdown and he must leave the city.
• Yuri contacted his friend Dr.
• Ernst Weil, though not a specialist in nervous disorders.
• He asked Albert to be honest about his intention on meeting the doctor.

The doctor agreed to certify that Albert had a nervous breakdown, and he must stay away from school for six months. The doctor didn’t charge any fee for his service. Six months was a pretty long period. Albert won’t be leaving the school, and need be, he could come back to do his diploma.

Albert planned to take that medical certificate to the head teacher the next day. But Yuri advised him to get a reference in writing from his Mathematics teacher, Mr. Koch, first. Mr. Koch agreed with Albert that the latter was wasting his time in that class in Munich because he knew much more than even his teacher.

He gave a certificate that Albert was ready to join some college for the study of higher Mathematics. The head teacher sent for Albert and told him that he wanted the boy to leave the school at once. It was a sort of expulsion. The other way was that Albert should go of his own accord.

The head teacher’s point was that Albert refused to learn, and he was in constant rebellion. Albert declared that he was going to leave even otherwise. He walked out of the office and the school where he had spent five miserable years. Yuri saw him off with good wishes and good luck. He hoped that Albert would be happier in Milan.

Q1. Why was Einstein unhappy at school? Ans. Einstein was a misfit at school and was unable to cope with the conventional system of education. As a student at Munich, he was different from other boys of his age. He hated the oppressive atmosphere of the school and was sure he would fail in the examinations.

• Q2. Why was Mr.
• Braun speechless? Ans. Mr.
• Braun was speechless because he asked Einstein in what year the Prussians defeated the French at Waterloo.
• Albert could not reply, when he (Braun) demanded the reason responsible for this he admitted that he did not learn the answer.
• Later he said that he could not see any point in learning dates which could be read in a book as well.

This made Mr. Braun speechless. Q3. What made Einstein’s life miserable in the slum where he lived? Ans. Albert Einstein lived in a slum where his landlady made his life a hell. She most often beat her children and then occasionally she was beaten by her husband.

She was so rude with Einstein that she didn’t allow him to play his violin for a relief from all this stress. Apart from this, he was constantly sad for the thought of having to go back to the school where he had not a friend. Q4. What was Einstein’s theory about education? Ans. Einstein believed that the then existing education method was incapable of meeting the purpose of education.

He believed that learning facts and dates was not education. He was against learning facts and dates by heart. He was really disappointed that there was no effort of the teachers to make the students think and analyze the subject in his school. Q5. How did the history teacher insult Einstein? Ans.

1. Mr. Braun, the history teacher remarked that Einstein was an ungrateful boy and that his output to be ashamed of himself.
2. He should ask his father to take him away.
3. He punished him by making him stay in for an extra period in the school that day. Q6.
4. Who was Yuri? Ans.
5. Yuri was the only friend Albert had in Munich.

Yuri had great concern for Albert. It was Yuri who understood Albert’s helplessness in the school and his desire to go to Milan to join his family. Yuri was greatly helpful for Albert, especially in getting a medical certificate. Q7. Why did Einstein not like the place where he lived? Ans.

Einstein lived in a rented room in one of the poorest quarters of Munich. He did not like the place because of the atmosphere of slum violence. His landlady beat her children regularly. Every Saturday her husband came drunk and beat her. Q8. What was the problem faced by Einstein in passing the exams? Ans.

For passing the exams one didn’t have to know anything or understand what one was taught. One could easily pass the exams if one was able to repeat in the exams what one was taught. The problem with Einstein was that he was not good at learning things by heart.

1. Q9. What advice did Elsa give to Einstein to pass the examination? Ans.
2. Elsa is Einstein’s cousin who lived in Berlin where his father had a business.
3. She thinks that just repetition of the lesson taught in the class during the examination is enough to pass the examination.
4. No understanding is essential.

Just learning something by heart may do the trick. Q10. Why couldn’t Einstein think of going to Milan without a serious reason? Ans. Einstein’s father was a struggling businessman in Milan. He had asked his son to return to Milan after completing his studies in Munich and was very stubborn about that.

1. To go to Milan, therefore, Einstein needed a very strong reason to leave his school in Munich. Q11.
2. How did Albert feel at his lodging? Ans.
3. Albert was not at all happy in his lodging situated in the poor slum area.
4. His room was in the poorest quarters of Munich.
5. Even the atmosphere was quite miserable as the landlady used to beat her children.

Her husband too returned on Saturday quite drank and beat her mercilessly. The atmosphere was full of noise and insanitary. Q12. What for did Einstein require a medical certificate? Ans. Einstein enquired his friend Yuri about a friendly doctor, who would certify him falsely for a nervous breakdown as he longed to escape from the school.

Einstein hated the school at Munich and longed to escape. But he knew that if he left his studies and went to Italy to join his family, his father would get angry and send him back. One day he gets an idea. He decides to play a small drama. He would pretend that he has had a nervous breakdown. He would say that he has been advised by the doctor to discontinue studies.

He asks his friend, Yuri, if he knows a kind and sympathetic doctor. Q13. Why did the head teacher call for Albert? Ans. Einstein got a false medical certificate and was about to go to the head teacher’s office to submit it. To his surprise, however, the headmaster himself sent for him and informed that the school had decided to rusticate him for his hostile presence in the school.

1. The head teacher explained that all the teachers were troubled with his rebellious attitude and did not want him in the school any longer.
2. He then suggested the simplest way out for Einstein to leave the school on his own. Q14.
3. Who was Mr.
4. Och? How did he help Einstein? Ans. Mr.
5. Och was Einstein’s mathematics teacher.

He was a great man, probably who was not jealous of Einstein’s knowledge. He admired Einstein’s knowledge and thought probably Albert would soon be able to teach him. Apart from this, Mr. Koch gave him a certificate that helped Einstein secure a seat in a university.

Q15. “Albert felt the medical certificate almost burning a hole in his pocket”. What does the author mean? Ans. The author means to say that Einstein has worked so hard to get the certificate from the doctor, and then he was willing to show the certificate to the headmaster and see how he would react. However, the certificate had then become unnecessary as he was being expelled without its production.

Q16. Did Einstein succeed in leaving school? How? Ans. Yes, finally Einstein got rid of his school. With the help of his friend, Yuri, Einstein found a doctor who was kind and understanding. The doctor gave a certificate stating that Einstein needed rest for six months because he was under extreme stress.

In a dramatic turn, Einstein was called to the head teacher’s room and was told that the school had decided to expel him from the school. Q17. Express your views on the prevailing system of education. Ans. Education is in fact a process which brings out the best from within. But it’s an irony that the present system of education kills originality.

It prompts a child to be more commercial and self centred. It encourages him to compete more and more without letting the original personality blossom the present system of education cultivates one sided personality. It stifles creativity and originality.

1. Long Answer Type Questions Q1.
2. What made Einstein unhappy at school? Ans.
3. This lesson describes Einstein’s suffering at school in a moving way.
4. It shows how a creative genius like Einstein was ridiculed by his teachers and expelled from school for daring to be different.
5. Einstein was a misfit at school and unable to cope with the conventional system of education.

As a student at Munich, he was different from other boys of his age. He hated the oppressive atmosphere of the school and was sure he would fail in the examinations. He liked to study only the subjects which interested him. He believed that there was no point in memorizing facts.

1. Thus, on being asked when the battle of waterloo took place.
2. Einstein replied frankly that he had forgotten the date.
3. Moreover, he added, he did not see why one should learn dates as they could easily be looked up in a book.
4. Einstein’s honesty is mistaken for arrogance.
5. He is punished and told that he is disgrace to the school.

Einstein thus, felt miserable at school and longed to escape. Q2. Did Einstein succeed in leaving school? How? Ans. Einstein hated the school at Munich and longed to escape. One day he gets an idea and discusses it with his friend, Yuri. He decides to play a small drama.

1. He would pretend that he has had a nervous breakdown.
2. He would say that he has been advised by the doctor to discontinue studies.
3. With the help of his friend, Einstein is able to find a doctor who is kind and understanding.
4. The doctor gives a certificate stating that Einstein needs rest for six months.

But even before Einstein can submit the certificate, he is called by head Teacher. The head teacher tells Einstein that all the teachers are troubled with his rebellious attitude and want him to leave the school. Einstein realizes that there is now no need to show the medical certificate.

He cheerfully walks out of the school which has been his prison for the last five years. Q3. What were Einstein’s views regarding rote learning? Why is mere rote learning useless? Ans. As a student at Munich, Einstein was different from the other boys of his age. He was unable to cope with conventional system of education which lays a lot of emphasis on rote learning.

Einstein believed that the then existing education method was incapable of meeting the purpose of education. He believed that learning facts and dates was not education. He was against learning facts and dates by heart. Facts, he felt, could easily be looked up in books.

Thus, on being asked when the Battle of Waterloo takes place, Einstein replied frankly that he had forgotten the date. He added that it would be more interesting to find out why soldiers had killed one another, rather than to memorize the number of soldiers killed in the battle. He was really disappointed that there was no effort of the teachers to make the students think and analyze the subject in his school.

Q4. Do you think that the teacher’s role should be primarily to make students think? Ans. In the Conventional System of Education the aim of the student is to get a degree and take up a job. The task of the teacher, in such a system, is mostly to impart fact-based knowledge and help the student to do well in the examination.

1. For this purpose the teacher may dictate notes, mark important questions and repeatedly “drill” students.
2. Such a system crushes the creative genius like Einstein.
3. But in Reality, the role of a teacher is not to teach facts but to impart skills which can make the student think.
4. It would not be an exaggeration to say that the teacher shows the student how to think and not what to think.

The true teacher encourages the individual to be inquisitive and to analyze the various facts and implications of an issue. The aim of education therefore, is to produce learning individuals, not necessarily learned ones, in an environment of freedom and creativity.

Otherwise, the very purpose of education would be lost. Q5. Today’s school system curbs personal talents and ignores the genius in students, imposing a teacher-school centered approach upon the students. Discuss. Ans. Einstein studied in a school in Munich, where he was unhappy with the teaching. He was particularly averse to the idea of learning facts by heart.

When his history teacher asked him when the battle of war was fought, Einstein was unable to give the answer. The history teacher scolded him for this and said he should know the answer as it had been mentioned many times in the class. Einstein replied that he did not believe in memorizing facts.
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