Education Portal for Students in India

Results of Kothari Commission Recommendations –

The education system at the national level was aligned in 10+2+3 pattern, as recommended by the Kothari Commission. One of the most important recommendations of the Kothari Commission was the National Policy on Education. The Bill was passed in the Parliament under the leadership of former Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi. It has been reported that even the National Policy on Education in 1986 (which was formulated under the leadership of former Prime Minister of India, Rajiv Gandhi), was influenced by recommendations of Kothari Commission. As per recommendations of Kothari Commission, the education sector in India was stratified into national bodies, state bodies and Central Board.

Kothari Commission – UPSC Notes:- Central Advisory Board of India decided to set up two commissions, University education commission (1948) to report on the status of Indian university education and Mudaliar Commission (1952-53) to deal with secondary education.

In accordance with the recommendations of Kothari commission, the National education policy of 1968 was formulated. It intended to promote a language of the Southern States in Hindi speaking states. It intended to promote Hindi, English and a regional language in non-Hindi speaking states. The Kothari Commission recommended promoting regional languages, Sanskrit as well as international languages, preferably English.

The Kothari Commission was appointed by the Central government to look into the educational aspects and revamp the sector in order to set guidelines for the pattern of education in India. The first education commission in India was the Hunter Commission.

1. It was set up on February 3, 1882 under the Chairmanship of Sir William Hunter, a member of the Executive Council of Viceroy.
2. Othari Commission was formed on 14 July 1964 under the Chairmanship Daulat Singh Kothari.
3. He was the then chairman of University Grants Commission (UGC).
4. Candidates can find the general pattern of the UPSC Exams by visiting the page.

Related Links : Kothari Commission (1964-66) – Facts, Objectives, Recommendations
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In which year was the 10 2 3 pattern of education introduced in India?

The goals of the new system like vocationalisation remain partially fulfilled. – UPDATED: Dec 25, 2009 10:20 IST The goals of the new system like vocationalisation remain partially fulfilled. In 1977, just before the Government instituted the 10+2+3 system, India had four patterns of school leaving exams in operation in India: 10+2+3, 10+2+2+2, 11+3, and 11-12+1+3.

Also Coca-Cola, IBM and Colgate Palmolive receive final notices under FERA to go Indian.Atal Bihari Vajpayee speaks in Hindi at the United Nations.Michael Ferreira wins the World Amateur Billiards title.

The idea was born in the Education Commission of 1964-66, headed by former physics professor D.S. Kothari, who went to become chairperson of University Grants Commission, and was assisted by J.P. Naik, the scholar who set up the Indian Council of Social Science Research.

• But over 30 years later, a lot remains unchanged.
• Though almost all states have introduced the plus 2 system, in some cases it is administered by colleges, not school boards such as the CBSE.
• Vocational education after Class 10 is still a distant dream-though a subsequent committee headed by Ishwarbhai Patel recommended that 50 per cent of Class X students be sent to the vocational stream.

And there is still little clarity on the three-language formula. The one lasting legacy though is that children receive general education till Class 10, making science compulsory. An India Today article said in 1977 that the idea behind the plus two system was to “weed out some students at the end of the first stage of schooling giving such students a certificate.

And by adding one more year to school education, the system hopes to improve the standard of university education”. Clearly, it hasn’t happened. As NUEPA’s R. Govinda says three things are a must: “Structural harmony in schools, a national curriculum framework in consultation with states, and a common national database.” What the Union Minister for Education and Social Welfare P.C.

Chunder said in 1977- “There is always room for improvement”-is valid even now. Nowhere was it more evident than in the suggestion that school boards could scrap the Class X board exam. What may work for CBSE, which administers the exam, for over 10,000 schools, may not be right for the over 1.5 million schools in the country.

By Kaveree Bamzai The main event: Morarji Desai becomes prime minister For any party that comes to power-particularly a party that is barely two months old-the establishment of its credibility with the people overrides everything else, and this is true of Janata also. “Where do we go from here?” a newly elected Janata MP was seen murmuring in Vithalbhai Patel House, as he waited for the lift to take him down to Parliament for the swearing-in ceremony.

“Don’t be daft,” said his colleague, also new to the Capital, “Haven’t you read the election manifesto? It’s all there in black and white.” “Oh,the manifesto,” sighed the other MP. The first task before the new government is to convince the people-by deeds rather than talk- that it means business.
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What is 10 2 3 system of education in India?

School education – Education in India is a Concurrent List subject, that is both the Indian central government, and the state governments have responsibility for enacting and implementing education policy. The central board and most of the state boards uniformly follow the ” 10+2 ” pattern of education.

1.  3  In this pattern, study of 10 years is done in schools and 2 years in Junior colleges (Maharashtra) or Higher Secondary Schools(most other states), : 44  and then 3 years of study for a bachelor’s degree.
2. The first 10 years is further subdivided into 8 years of elementary education (5 years Primary School and 3 years Middle School), 2 years of Secondary education followed by 2 years of Higher Secondary Schools or Junior colleges.

: 5  This pattern originated from the recommendation of the Education Commission of 1964–66. There are two types of educational institutions in India, 1) Recognized institutions – primary school, secondary school, special schools, intermediate schools, colleges and universities who follow courses as prescribed by universities or boards and are also open for inspection by these authorities, 2) Unrecognized Institutions, which do not fulfill conditions as stated for the recognized ones.
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When was 10 2 system introduced in India?

10+2 refers to two years of schooling post grade 10 in India since autumn 2002.
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What are the recommendations of Kothari Commission 1964-66?

Some of the recommendations of Kothari Commission 1964-66 include free and compulsory education for children aged 6 to 14 years, three language formula, encouragement of regional languages, distance education, etc.
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Who first suggested 10 2 3 pattern of education?

The 10+2+3 pattern for secondary, higher secondary, and university education was recommended by which of the following commissions?A) Mudaliar CommissionB) Kothari CommissionC) Operation BlackboardD) None of these Answer Verified Hint: Dr.D.S. Kothari recommended the commission of the 10+2+3 pattern for secondary, higher secondary, and university education and this Commission was appointed in 1964.

Complete answer: Kothari Commission may be a National Education Commission (1964-1966). This commission has been found out by the government of India in order that all aspects of the educational sector are often examined in India to grow a general pattern of education and to advise policies and guidelines so that India’s education can be developed.Under the chairmanship of Daulat Singh Kothari, this commission was formed on 14 July 1964.

On 29th June 1966, its objectives and the important recommendations had been submitted. After independence, Kothari Commission was the sixth commission in India but related to education it was the first commission. There were a Core group of 20 members in the Kothari Commission.

1. A consultation from a panel of 20 overseas consultants had been taken in this commission, who were based out of the USA, UK, Japan, France, Sweden.
2. The Commission had interviewed 9000 people who were working as scholars, educators, and scientists in a span of 21 months.
3. First, the report was submitted to M.C.Chagla on 29th June 1966 and then to the minister of education.The main objective of the Kothari Commission is to supply policies and guidelines for the event of education in India and to look at every aspect of the Indian education sector.

It promotes regional languages, Sanskrit as well as international languages, preferably English. This commission improves education at the university level by paying special attention to postgraduate level research, training, providing adequate libraries, laboratories, and funds.Under the leadership of former Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi, the bill was passed in the Parliament.

Some objectives of this commission increase Productivity, Promoting National and Social Integration, Modernization, and Education, Developing moral, social, and spiritual values. This commission deals with general problems and also deals with Education at different stages and in different sectors.It consists of supplementary papers.

It took 100 days to submit the final report and the report was divided into four sections. Pre-primary education should also be given before General education. The time span of Higher education should be fixed for two years. There should be a postgraduate course after the degree course.
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Who introduced 10 2 3 system in India?

Results of Kothari Commission Recommendations –

The education system at the national level was aligned in 10+2+3 pattern, as recommended by the Kothari Commission. One of the most important recommendations of the Kothari Commission was the National Policy on Education. The Bill was passed in the Parliament under the leadership of former Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi. It has been reported that even the National Policy on Education in 1986 (which was formulated under the leadership of former Prime Minister of India, Rajiv Gandhi), was influenced by recommendations of Kothari Commission. As per recommendations of Kothari Commission, the education sector in India was stratified into national bodies, state bodies and Central Board.

Kothari Commission – UPSC Notes:- Central Advisory Board of India decided to set up two commissions, University education commission (1948) to report on the status of Indian university education and Mudaliar Commission (1952-53) to deal with secondary education.

1. In accordance with the recommendations of Kothari commission, the National education policy of 1968 was formulated.
2. It intended to promote a language of the Southern States in Hindi speaking states.
3. It intended to promote Hindi, English and a regional language in non-Hindi speaking states.
4. The Kothari Commission recommended promoting regional languages, Sanskrit as well as international languages, preferably English.

The Kothari Commission was appointed by the Central government to look into the educational aspects and revamp the sector in order to set guidelines for the pattern of education in India. The first education commission in India was the Hunter Commission.

It was set up on February 3, 1882 under the Chairmanship of Sir William Hunter, a member of the Executive Council of Viceroy. Kothari Commission was formed on 14 July 1964 under the Chairmanship Daulat Singh Kothari. He was the then chairman of University Grants Commission (UGC). Candidates can find the general pattern of the UPSC Exams by visiting the page.

Related Links : Kothari Commission (1964-66) – Facts, Objectives, Recommendations
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What is 10 2 3 structure?

10+2+3 scheme seeks to divide schooling into two stages of education ISSUE DATE: Jul 9, 2012 | UPDATED: Jul 7, 2012 18:44 IST Will the new system help change their prospects for the future? The new pattern of education which has become popular as the 10+2+3 scheme seeks to divide schooling into two stages of education, instead of the integrated stage it is at present. After a child enters kindergarten at the age of four, he will finish 10 years of schooling-the first stage of education-and take a secondary school certificate examination at the end of it.

In the second stage he will take two more years to finish his high school certificate examination; in the third stage he will take a bachelor’s degree at the end of three years at university. For the first time a uniform pattern is being introduced instead of different states following different systems.

At present many states have 12 years of school, then two years of an intermediate degree followed by another two years for a bachelor’s degree. In other states the pattern is 12 years of school and three years of college for a bachelor’s degree. The new pattern was introduced last year in many states.

Under this scheme, the first batch of students took their Class X examinations this year in April-May. Perhaps the most far-reaching educational reform which the new pattern seeks to bring out is to make science a compulsory subject almost from the first years of schooling right through till the end of the Class X.

The main criticism being levelled is that schools do not have the necessary laboratories for it. Published On: Jun 30, 2012 : 10+2+3 scheme seeks to divide schooling into two stages of education
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What is the structure of Kothari Commission?

Structure – The commission, under the chairmanship of Daulat Singh Kothari, was the sixth commission in India post independence and the first commission with comprehensive terms of reference on education. It was composed of a member secretary, an associate secretary and fifteen members.
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What are the aims of Kothari Commission?

Kothari Education Commission FAQs – Q.1 Who founded the Kothari commission? Ans.1 It was founded in 1964 under the chairmanship of Dr. Dulat Singh Kothari.Q.2 What was the objective of the Kothari Commission? Ans.2 The main objective of the Kothari Commission was to review the then educational system of the country and make recommendations to the Government of India on the national pattern of education and the policies and principles which would develop education at all stages.Q.3 What were the types of secondary schools recommended by the Kothari Commission? Ans.3 The Kothari Commission recommended two types of secondary schools.

One is the high school which provides 10 years of educational course and the other is the higher secondary school which provides an 11 or 12 years course.Q.4 What were the recommendations of the Kothari Education Commission? Ans.4 10+2+3 pattern of the educational structure, three-language formula, free and compulsory education for all children up to 14 years of age, the establishment of the National Board of Education and State Education department, common school system, the introduction of part-time education, incorporation of subjects such as maths and science into the curriculum at all stages of education are some of the major recommendations of the Kothari Commission.Q.5 What is Work Experience as suggested by the Kothari commission? Ans.5 According to Kothari Commission, work experience, implies engaging in productive work while in school, at home, in a workshop, in a factory, or in any other productive situation.

As suggested by the Kothari Education Commission work experience should be introduced as an integral part of all education whether general or vocational.Q.6 What is the concept of a school complex according to the Kothari commission? Ans.6 The concept of a school complex according to the Kothari commission is predicated on the idea that secondary and higher education institutions have better lab and library resources that elementary and middle schools can use.Q.7 Why Kothari commission opposed basic education? Ans.7 Kothari Education commission opposed basic education because it stated the education system consists of many defects like not giving emphasis to agriculture and no mention of moral and spiritual values to students.Q.8 What was the title of the report of Kothari Commission? Ans.8 Education and National development was the title of the report of the Kothari Commission.
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What is graduation 10 2 3 pattern?

Free Teaching Aptitude Mock Test 10 Questions 20 Marks 12 Mins 10+2+3 educational structure in India:

• At the time of the Kothari Commission (1964-66) in the country, there were four patterns of the educational structure, viz., 10+2+3,10+2+2,11+3,11-12+1+3.
• Therefore the Commission emphasized the necessity of the introduction of a uniform educational structure of 10+2+3.
• Teachers, students, and various educational bodies of the country accepted this pattern and desired that by the end of the Fifth Five Year Ran in the whole country 10+2+3 educational patterns should be adopted.
• The new pattern of education which has become popular as the 10+2+3 scheme seeks to divide schooling into two stages of education.
• After a child enters kindergarten at the age of four, he will finish 10 years of schooling-the first stage of education-and take a secondary school certificate examination at the end of it.
• In the second stage, he will take two more years to finish his high school certificate examination; in the third stage, he will take a bachelor’s degree at the end of three years at university.

Kothari Commission (1964-66)

• It was set up under the chairmanship of ‘Daulat Singh Kothari to examine all aspects of educational sectors in India and to produce appropriate strategies and guidelines for the upliftment of education.
• The major recommendations of the committee were:
  • the three-language formula,
  • the common school system,
  • 10+2+3 structure of education, and
  • neighborhood school.
• Two of the unique features of the Report are:
  1. Its comprehensive approach to educational reconstruction; and
  2. Its attempt to project a blueprint of a national system (all level) of education for India.
• According to this; Commission, education was intended to increase productivity, develop social and national unity, consolidate democracy, modernize the country, and develop social, moral, and spiritual values.

Therefore, 10 + 2 + 3 as a common structure of education is recommended by The Kothari Commission 1964-66, The Secondary Education Commission (1952-53) thought over the problem of a 10+2+3 educational structure. But it introduced a new pattern of 8+3+3, In other words, the first 8 years of education were termed as junior classes, after this the three-year duration was to be of higher secondary and three years for the first-degree course.

But this structure could not be accepted by the whole country. Last updated on Nov 25, 2022 University Grants Commission (Minimum Standards and Procedures for Award of Ph.D. Degree) Regulations, 2022 notified. As, per the new regulations, candidates with a 4 years Undergraduate degree with a minimum CGPA of 7.5 can enroll for PhD admissions.

The UGC NET Final Result for merged cycles of December 2021 and June 2022 was released on 5th November 2022. Along with the results UGC has also released the UGC NET Cut-Off. With tis, the exam for the merged cycles of Dec 2021 and June 2022 have conclude.
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Which policy was universalised the education pattern 10 2 3 all over the country?

National Education Policy 2020: 5+3+3+4 System of School Education Explained! National Education Policy 2020 (NEP 2020): On 29th July 2020 Union Cabinet approved NEP 2020 (New Education Policy 2020) which will replace the existing 10+2 School System with a new 5+3+3+4 School System. Check details of the policy on its one year of completion. National Education Policy 2020: Groundbreaking Reform of 10+2 System of School Education to 5+3+3+4 Explained National Education Policy 2020 (NEP 2020): On 29th July 2020 Union Cabinet approved NEP 2020 (New Education Policy 2020) which will replace the existing 10+2 School System with a new 5+3+3+4 School System.

• Besides this, the age group for the Right to Education (RTE) is now 3 to 18 years (earlier 14 years).
• The New Education Policy 2020 (NEP 2020) also emphasizes access, affordability, equity, quality, accountability & universalization of Early Childhood Care Education (ECCE).
• On the completion of one year of the National Education Policy 2020, Prime Minister Modi will address the nation and will launch several key initiatives in the education sector such as the academic bank of credit that will provide multiple entries and exit options for students in higher education, first-year engineering programmes in regional languages and guidelines for internationalization of higher education, and more.

A year ago, on this day under the leadership of Hon. PM, NEP2020– a visionary education policy of the 21st-century was launched with the aim to bring out the capabilities of each student, universalise education, build capacities and transform the learning landscape.

• Dharmendra Pradhan (@dpradhanbjp) Here we have explained the new 5+3+3+4 School System besides the main highlights of NEP 2020 (National Education Policy 2020).
• NEP 2020: The new 5+3+3+4 School System: Here is the age-wise and class-wise breakdown of the 5+3+3+4 curricular and pedagogical structure of New Education Policy 2020.

It is based on the cognitive-developmental stages of the children.

Secondary Stage – 4 Years Age 14 to 18: Class 9 to Class 12

Middle Stage – 3 Years Age 11 to 14: Class 6 to Class 8

Preparatory Stage – 3 Years Age 8 to 11: Class 3 to Class 5

Foundational Stage – 5 Years Age 3 to 6: 3 Years (Anganwadi/Pre-school/Balvatika) Age 6 to 8: 2 Years (Class 1 & Class 2)

The new 5+3+3+4 School Structure will comprise 12 years of school & 3 years of pre-school (or Anganwadi or Balvatika). Reduction in Curriculum: NEP 2020 will emphasize the evaluation of actual knowledge rather than rote learning and board exams will be of low stake. Students will learn coding from class 6 onwards. No Rigid Separation between Arts & Sciences, between Curricular and extra-curricular activities, between Vocational and Academic streams NEP 2020 Promotes Multilingualism: According to NEP 2020, mother tongue will be a medium of instruction till 5th grade. MHRD tweeted that the medium of instruction (preferably) till Grade 8 & beyond, will be the home language/mother-tongue/local language/regional language. Starting from the Foundational Stage, children will be exposed to different languages with a particular emphasis on the mother tongue. Technology in Education: To improve various aspects of education, the use and integration of technology will be encouraged & supported. Efforts will be concentrated on developing technologies to transform the education system & empower educators. UG degree will have multiple exit options: An Academic Bank of Credit shall be established which would digitally store the academic credits earned from various recognized HEIs so that the degrees from an HEI (Higher Education Institutions) can be awarded taking into account credits earned. According to NEP 2020, NTA will conduct Common Entrance Exam for admission to HEIs.
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What are the recommendations of NPE 1986?

The NPE ’86 recommends that the institutions of national importance like UGC, NCERT, NIEPA, AICTE, ICAR, IMC etc. will be strengthened to enable them to give shape to national system of education and to cope with the emerging demands of the nation.
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What are the recommendations of NPE 1968?

Free and Compulsory Education : The NPE (1968) recommended that ‘strenuous efforts’ should be made to fulfill the Constitutional mandate of free and compulsory education for all children upto the age of 14 years,and to reduce wastage and stagnation in schools as well as to ensure that every child who is enrolled in
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What suggestion was given by the Mudaliar commission?

New organizational pattern of Secondary Education: –

• Secondary education should be of 7 years.
• It should be for children of 11 to 17 years.
• It suggested to end intermediate college and merge class 11 with secondary schools and class 12 with B.A.
• Commission divided secondary education into two parts.
• Degree course should be of three years.
• One year Pre-university course for high school students to enter in university.
• Students who passed Pre-University should be allowed to enter in professional courses.
• Multipurpose schools should be established to take care of various abilities of students.
• Technical education-large number of schools should be opened along with Central Technical Institutions.
• Such institutions should be opened near factories so that so that students can take practical trainings.
• Industrial education cess should be levied on industries to finance technical education.
• Other types of school
• Public schools should be reconstructed as secondary schools after 5 years.
• The boys and girls should be provided same education through co-education but there should be provision of home science teaching for girls.
• Girls’ schools should be opened in the areas where required.

Curriculum: The study of some compulsory subjects was made necessary for all students. Besides, the optional subjects were divided into seven groups for enabling students to get an opportunity to study as many subjects of their liking as they desired.

• Compulsory Subjects: (1) Regional language or mother tongue or a combined course of classical language and mother tongue.
• 2) One of the following languages: (A) (a) a classical language (b) besides Hindi one more Indian language (c) Advanced English (for those students who had earlier studied English) (d) Elementary English (for students studying it at the secondary stage) (e) besides English, another modern foreign language (f) Hindi (for those students whose mother tongue is not Hindi.) (B) (a) Curriculum of General Science with arithmetic for the first two years only (b) General course of social sciences for the first two years only.

(C) One of the following vocational subjects:- (1) Carpentry (2) Gardening (3) Printing (Spinning and Weaving) (4) Embroidery (5) Tailoring, embroidery and cutting and (6) Smithy
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What is the other name of education commission 1964 66?

Kothari Commission (1964-66): Aims, objectives & major recommendations The ‘Kothari Commission’ 1964 was constituted on July 14, 1964 under the chairmanship of Dr.D.S. Kothari with 17 other members. Kothari Commission is also known as National Education Commission, 1964.
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What were the recommendations of Sadler commission?

The Sadler University Commission (1917-19) recommended a twelve-year school course after passing the intermediate examination, rather than the Matriculation; students were to enter a university. Therefore, option (d) is the correct answer.
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What has been the fate of 10 2 3 system of education?

One of the main recommendations of the commission was the standardization ofeducational system on 10+2+3 pattern, across the country. The educational system up to master’s degree was categorized as first (primary education), second (secondaryeducation up to XII) and third levels ofeducation (higher studies).
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What are the three-language formula recommended by Kothari Commission?

History – The first recommendation for a three-language policy was made by the in 1948/1949, which did not find the requirement to study three languages to be an extravagance, citing the precedents of other multilingual nations such as Belgium and Switzerland.

While accepting that Modern Standard was itself a minority language, and had no superiority over others such as,,,,,,, and all of which had a longer history and greater body of literature, the commission still foresaw Hindi as eventually replacing English as the means by which every Indian state may participate in the Federal functions.

The Education Commission of 1964–1966 recommended a modified or graduated three-language formula. Following some debate, the original three-language formula was adopted by the in 1968. The formula as enunciated in the 1968 National Policy Resolution which provided for the study of “Hindi, English and modern Indian language (preferably one of the southern languages) in the Hindi speaking states and Hindi, English and the Regional language in the non-Hindi speaking States”.

1. The formula was formulated in response to demands from non-Hindi speaking states of the, such as and mainly,
2. Currently, the three language system is not followed in Tamil Nadu due to efforts of former Chief Minister,
3. The 1986 National Policy on Education reiterated the 1968 formula.
4. In 1972 the government launched a committee for promotion of Urdu under the chairmanship of,

The committee’s 1975 report recommended safeguards for significant (i.e. greater than 10 percent) Urdu-speaking minorities which included the use of Urdu for official purposes and as a medium of instruction. Following consideration of the report by the Cabinet in 1979, and by the Taraqqui-e-Urdu Board from 1979 to 1983, modified proposals from the Gujral committee were passed on to the state governments in 1984.

A new committee of experts was launched in 1990 under the chairmanship of to examine implementation of the Gujral committee recommendations. This committee recommended modifying the three-language formula to “In Hindi speaking States: (a) Hindi (with Sanskrit as part of the composite course); (b) Urdu or any other modern Indian language and (c) English or any other modern European language.

In non-Hindi speaking States: (a) the regional language; (b) Hindi; (c) Urdu or any other modern Indian language excluding (a) and (b); and (d) English or any other modern European language”. In 2020 the cabinet of approved and released the “New Education Policy 2020” under the,
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What has been the fate of 10 2 3 system of education?

One of the main recommendations of the commission was the standardization ofeducational system on 10+2+3 pattern, across the country. The educational system up to master’s degree was categorized as first (primary education), second (secondaryeducation up to XII) and third levels ofeducation (higher studies).
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What do you mean by 10 2 3 formula?

Answer: 10+2+3 scheme seeks to divide schooling into two stages of education. The new pattern of education which has become popular as the 10+2+3 scheme seeks to divide schooling into two stages of education, instead of the integrated stage it is at present. but in math.10+2+3 = 15.
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In which year the education Act was introduced in India?

References –

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What year was the 9 3 4 system of education introduced in Nigeria?

Basic Education – The 2014 national policy on education stipulated that basic education covers early child care and development education (creches, daycare), pre-primary education, primary and junior secondary education. Basic education provides formal education training to children aged between 0-15 years. The age group distribution for sub-level of basic education are:

Early child care and development education – 0- 4 years Pre-primary education (1 year duration) – 5 year olds Primary education – 6-12 years Junior secondary education – 12- 15 years

English is the official language of instruction at the basic education level, but they may adopt indigenous languages depending on the location. For instance, educators in a particular geopolitical zone of Nigeria may choose to teach primary school students in their local language, such as Hausa, Igbo or Yoruba.
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