Education Portal for Students in India

Short title and extent. – (1) This Act may be called the Himachal Pradesh Compulsory Primary Education Act, 1997.
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When was primary education made compulsory in India?

The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act (RTE Act), 2009, came into force from April 1, 2010, pursuant to the Eighty-Sixth Amendment to the Constitution of India (2002), which guarantees elementary education as a fundamental right.
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In which year was the primary education Act passed?

In Assam, the first compulsory primary education Act was passed in 1926.
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Where was the first compulsory primary education Act passed?

Attempts to make free and compulsory education accessible to Indian children began a little more than a century ago. A strong consciousness for the need of free and compulsory Primary Education in India was highly moved by enactment of the Compulsory Education Act in 1870 in England.
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Who introduced the compulsory primary education Bill of 1910?

Who had introduced a bill in the Imperial legislative Assembly for Compulsory Education? Gopal Krishna Gokhale had introduced a bill in the Imperial legislative Assembly in 1911 to implement the principle of compulsory primary education for children of 6-10 years age.
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When was primary education compulsory?

Compulsory and free primary education: 1880s and 1890s – The ” Sandon Act ” ( Act of 1876 ) imposed a legal duty on parents to ensure that their children were educated. The Elementary Education Act 1880 (the ” Mundella Act”) required school boards to enforce compulsory attendance from 5 to 10 years, and permitted them to set a standard which children were required to reach before they could be employed.

1. Poorer families were often tempted to send their children to work if the opportunity to earn an extra income was available.
2. Attendance officers often visited the homes of children who failed to attend school, which often proved to be ineffective.
3. Children who were employed were required to have a certificate to show they had reached the educational standard,

Employers of these children who were unable to show this were penalised. The Elementary Education Act 1891 provided for the state payment of school fees up to ten shillings per head, making primary education effectively free. The Elementary Education (School Attendance) Act 1893 raised the school leaving age to 11.

The Elementary Education (Blind and Deaf Children) Act of the same year extended compulsory education to blind and deaf children, and made provision for the creation of special schools, The Voluntary Schools Act 1897 provided grants to public elementary schools not funded by school boards (typically Church schools).

Another act in 1899 raised the school leaving age to 12. In the late Victorian period grammar schools were reorganised and their curriculum was modernised. Latin was still taught.
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Which state introduced compulsory primary education for the first time?

Conversation. The state of Baroda introduced free and compulsory primary education in India 🇮🇳 for the first time in 1906. At a time when motorized vehicles were rare, the Maharaja Sayajirao Gaekwad III of Baroda in what is today Gujarat introduced 500 mobile public libraries on wheels!
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What is primary education Act?

Passage – The bill was approved by the cabinet on 2 July 2009. Rajya Sabha passed the bill on 20 July 2009 and the Lok Sabha on 4 August 2009. It received Presidential assent and was notified as law on 26 August 2009 as The Children’s Right to Free and Compulsory Education Act.

1. The law came into effect in the whole of India except the state of Jammu and Kashmir from 1 April 2010, the first time in the history of India a law was brought into force by a speech by the then Prime Minister Manmohan Singh,
2. In his speech, Dr.
3. Singh stated, “We are committed to ensuring that all children, irrespective of gender and social category, have access to education.

An education that enables them to acquire the skills, knowledge, values and attitudes necessary to become responsible and active citizens of India.” It has now come into force in Jammu and Kashmir after its reorganisation into a Union Territory of India in 2019.

The RTE Act provides for the right of children to free and compulsory education till completion of elementary education in a neighbourhood school. It clarifies that ‘compulsory education’ means obligation of the appropriate government to provide free elementary education and ensure compulsory admission, attendance and completion of elementary education to every child in the six to fourteen age group.

‘Free’ means that no child shall be liable to pay any kind of fee or charges or expenses which may prevent him or her from pursuing and completing elementary education. It makes provisions for a non-admitted child to be admitted to an age-appropriate class.

1. It specifies the duties and responsibilities of appropriate Governments, local authority and parents in providing free and compulsory education, and sharing of financial and other responsibilities between the Central and State Governments.
2. It lays down the norms and standards relating inter alia to pupil-teacher ratios (PTRs), buildings and infrastructure, school-working days, teacher-working hours.

It provides for rational deployment of teachers by ensuring that the specified pupil-teacher ratio is maintained for each school, rather than just as an average for the State or District or Block, thus ensuring that there is no urban-rural imbalance in teacher postings.

It also provides for prohibition of deployment of teachers for non-educational work, other than decennial census, elections to local authority, state legislatures and parliament, and disaster relief. It provides for appointment of appropriately trained teachers, i.e. teachers with the requisite entry and academic qualifications.

It prohibits (a) physical punishment and mental harassment; (b) screening procedures for admission of children; (c) capitation fee; (d) private tuition by teachers and (e) running of schools without recognition. It provides for development of curriculum in consonance with the values enshrined in the Constitution, and which would ensure the all-round development of the child, building on the child’s knowledge, potentiality and talent and making the child free of fear, trauma and anxiety through a system of child friendly and child centered learning.
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What is the period of primary education?

Primary education or elementary education lasts 8 years in India. Pupils aged 6 to 14 complete the following 2 stages: primary stage, grade I-V; upper primary stage, grade VI-VIII.
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What was the 1976 education Act?

Education Act 1976 – full text Education Act 1976 This Act gave the Secretary of State the power to ask local education authorities to plan for non-selective (ie comprehensive) secondary education. It was repealed by Margaret Thatcher’s Conservative government in 1979. The text of the Education Act 1976 was prepared by Derek Gillard and uploaded on 13 December 2020. Education Act 1976

• © Crown copyright material is reproduced with the permission of the Controller of HMSO and the Queen’s Printer for Scotland.

Education Act 1976 CHAPTER 81 ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS

Comprehensive schools

• Section
• 1 The comprehensive principle 2 Submission of proposals for giving effect to comprehensive principle
• 3 Approval and implementation of proposals submitted under s.2

Miscellaneous

2. 4 Duty to implement approved proposals as to maintenance or change in character of school 5 Approval of arrangements with non-maintained schools 6 Remuneration of members of Independent Schools Tribunals 7 Awards for higher diploma courses 8 Ordinary residence for award purposes 9 School milk
3. 10 Pupils requiring special educational treatment

Supplementary

• 11 Expenses 12 Citation, construction and extent

ELIZABETH II Education Act 1976 1976 CHAPTER 81

2. An Act to amend the law relating to education.
3. BE IT ENACTED by the Queen’s most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:-

Comprehensive schools

• 1 The comprehensive principle
• (1) Subject to subsection (2) below, local education authorities shall, in the exercise and performance of their powers and duties relating to secondary education, have regard to the general principle that such education is to be provided only in schools where the arrangements for the admission of pupils are not based (wholly or partly) on selection by reference to ability or aptitude.
• (2) Subsection (1) above shall not be construed as affecting –

(a) the provision, whether in special schools or otherwise, of special educational treatment as mentioned in section 8(2)(c) of the Education Act 1944 (provision for pupils suffering from disability of mind or body); or (b) the provision of education in any school where arrangements for the admission of pupils to the school are based on selection wholly or mainly by reference to ability or aptitude for music or dancing.

2. 2 Submission of proposals for giving effect to comprehensive principle
3. (1) If at any time it appears to the Secretary of State that progress or further progress in giving effect to the principle stated in section 1 above is required in the area or any part of the area of any local education authority, he may require the authority to prepare and submit to him, within such time as he may specify, proposals for the purpose of giving effect to that principle in the area of the authority or in any part of that area specified by him.
4. (2) Before submitting any proposals under this section a local education authority shall consult the managers or governors, or persons representing the managers or governors, of every voluntary school (whether or not in their area) which is in the authority’s opinion affected by the proposals; and, if the managers or governors of any voluntary school in their area so request, the authority shall transmit to the Secretary of State with their own proposals any proposals made by the managers or governors for the purpose mentioned in subsection (1) above.
5. (3) If it appears to the Secretary of State –

(a) that, having regard to any proposals submitted to him under this section by a local education authority, a significant change in the character, or a significant enlargement of the premises, of a voluntary school in their area is required; and (b) that no satisfactory proposals for that purpose have been transmitted to him under subsection (2) above, the Secretary of State may require the managers or governors of the school to prepare and submit to him, within such time as he may specify, proposals for that purpose.

(4) Without prejudice to the foregoing provisions, the Secretary of State may require a local education authority or the managers or governors of a voluntary school to prepare and submit to him, within such time as he may specify, further proposals in substitution for any proposals previously submitted by them under this section which appear to him to be unsatisfactory; and any such requirement – (a) shall be accompanied by a statement of the matters in relation to which the previous proposals are in his opinion unsatisfactory and of the reasons for his opinion; and (b) may specify conditions to be fulfilled by the further proposals with respect to any of those matters.

(5) Proposals prepared and submitted under this section shall be in such form as the Secretary of State may direct and shall indicate the times when they are respectively to be carried into effect.

• (6) Where at the passing of this Act the arrangements for the admission of pupils to schools in, or in any part of, the area of a local education authority are based partly on selection by reference to ability or aptitude, the Secretary of State shall not, for such period as he thinks fit, require the authority to prepare and submit proposals under this section in relation to those schools if it appears to him that the purpose of the arrangements is to secure the even distribution between the schools of pupils of different degrees of ability or aptitude.
• 3 Approval and implementation of proposals submitted under s.2
• (1) Where any of the proposals submitted or transmitted to the Secretary of State under section 2 above are –

(a) proposals by a local education authority for any such action as is mentioned in subsection (1) of section 13 of the Education Act 1944 (c.31) (establishing, maintaining, changing character of or enlarging county school or ceasing to maintain county school or voluntary school); or (b) proposals by the managers or governors of a voluntary school for any such action as is mentioned in subsection (2) of that section (maintaining.

changing character of or enlarging voluntary school), being proposals to be wholly or partly carried into effect within five years after the date on which they are submitted or transmitted. the Secretary of State may direct that those proposals (or any of them) shall be treated as if they had been submitted to him by the local education authority under subsection (1), or by the managers or governors under subsection (2) of that section.

as the case may be.

2. (2) Where the Secretary of State gives a direction under this section in relation to any proposals submitted to him under section 2(3) or (4) above by the managers or governors of an aided or special agreement school, he shall not approve the proposals under the said section 13 if the managers or governors satisfy him that, notwithstanding the maintenance contributions payable by him under section 102 of the said Act of 1944, they will be unable to defray the expenses of giving effect to the proposals.
3. (3) In relation to proposals treated by virtue of this section as submitted under subsection (1) or (2) of the said section 13, subsection (6) of that section shall have effect as if the words “unless they do not intend to give effect to the proposals” were omitted.

Miscellaneous 4 Duty to implement approved proposals as to maintenance or change in character of school (1) Section 13 of the Education Act 1944 (c.31) shall have effect with the following amendments (being amendments requiring the implementation of approved proposals as to the maintenance of a school or as to changes in its character).

(2) For subsection (8) there shall be substituted – “(8) When proposals for the maintenance of a school or proposals that a local education authority should cease to maintain a school have been approved by the Secretary of State under this section, it shall be the duty of the local education authority to maintain or, as the case may be, to cease to maintain the school in accordance with the proposals.” (3) After subsection (9) there shall be inserted – “(9A) When proposals for the making of any change in the character of a school have been approved by the Secretary of State under this section.

it shall be the duty of the local education authority or, in the case of a voluntary school, the managers or governors to give effect to the proposals.” 5 Approval of arrangements with non-maintained schools (1) The power of the Secretary of State to give his approval to arrangements under section 9(1) of the Education Act 1944 (arrangements for assisting non-maintained schools) or section 6(1) of the Education (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1953 (c.33) (arrangements for provision of education at non-maintained schools) shall include power to revoke any approval previously given under that section.

• (2) Regulations under section 81(b) of the said Act of 1944 (power of local education authorities to pay fees and expenses in respect of children attending fee-paying schools) may include provision requiring local education authorities to exercise their powers under the regulations in accordance with arrangements approved by the Secretary of State and for enabling him to revoke any approval given by him in respect of any such arrangements.
• (3) A local education authority shall discontinue any arrangements made by them in pursuance of any approval which is revoked by virtue of subsection (1) above or of any such provision as is mentioned in subsection (2) above.
• 6 Remuneration of members of Independent Schools Tribunals
• (1) The Secretary of State may, out of moneys provided by Parliament, pay to the members of Independent Schools Tribunals such remuneration and allowances as he may with the consent of the Minister for the Civil Service determine.
• (2) In section 75(1) of the Education Act 1944 the words from “and as to the payment” onwards (which provide for the remuneration and allowances of members of the Tribunals to be fixed by rules under that section) are hereby repealed.
• 7 Awards for higher diploma courses

(1) Section 1 of the Education Act 1962 (c.12) (local education authority awards for certain courses) shall apply also to such courses at universities, colleges or other institutions in Great Britain and Northern Ireland as may for the time being be designated by or under regulations made for the purposes of that section as being full-time courses for the higher diploma of the Technician Education Council or the Business Education Council.

1. (2) Section 4(2) and (3) of the said Act of 1962 (regulations under sections 1 to 3 of that Act) shall apply also in relation to subsection (1) above.
2. 8 Ordinary residence for award purposes
3. For paragraph 4 of Schedule 1 to the Education Act 1962 (ordinary residence for award purposes) there shall be substituted –

“4 (1) Regulations made under this Act may make provision whereby a person who under paragraph 2 of this Schedule would fall to be treated for the purposes of section 1 of this Act as not being ordinarily resident in any area is to be treated for those purposes as being ordinarily resident in the area of such local education authority as may be specified by or under the regulations.

• (1) In section 1(2) of the Education (Milk) Act 1971 (which makes provision for enabling education authorities to provide milk but for the expense to be defrayed by the pupils or their parents) the words from “but” onwards are hereby repealed.
• (2) Section 3(1) of the said Act of 1971 (which contains spent provisions dealing with the effect of section 1 on rate support grant) is hereby repealed.
• 10 Pupils requiring special educational treatment
• (1) For section 33(2) of the Education Act 1944 there shall be substituted –

“(2) The arrangements made by a local education authority for the special educational treatment of pupils of any such category shall, subject to subsection (2A) of this section, provide for the education of the pupils in county or voluntary schools; (2A) Where the education of the pupils in such schools as aforesaid – (a) is impracticable or incompatible with the provision of efficient instruction in the schools; or (b) would involve unreasonable public expenditure, the arrangements may provide for the education of the pupils in special schools appropriate to the category to which the pupils belong or in schools not maintained by a local education authority and for the time being notified by the Secretary of State to the authority as in his opinion suitable for-the purpose.” (2) The entry relating to the said section 33(2) in Schedule 1 to the Education (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1953 (c.33) is hereby repealed.

2. (3) This section shall not come into force until such day as may be appointed by the Secretary of State by order made by statutory instrument.

Supplementary

• 11 Expenses
• There shall be paid out of moneys provided by Parliament any increase attributable to this Act in the sums payable out of such moneys under any other Act.
• 12 Citation, construction and extent
• (1) This Act may be cited as the Education Act 1976.
• (2) This Act shall be included in the Acts that may be cited as the Education Acts 1944 to 1976.
• (3) This Act shall be construed as one with the Education Act 1944.
• (4) This Act does not extend to Scotland or Northern Ireland.

: Education Act 1976 – full text
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Is primary education compulsory in India?

Departmen of School Education & Literacy The Constitution (Eighty-sixth Amendment) Act, 2002 inserted Article 21-A in the Constitution of India to provide free and compulsory education of all children in the age group of six to fourteen years as a Fundamental Right in such a manner as the State may, by law, determine.

The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act, 2009, which represents the consequential legislation envisaged under Article 21-A, means that every child has a right to full time elementary education of satisfactory and equitable quality in a formal school which satisfies certain essential norms and standards.

Article 21-A and the RTE Act came into effect on 1 April 2010. The title of the RTE Act incorporates the words ‘free and compulsory’. ‘Free education’ means that no child, other than a child who has been admitted by his or her parents to a school which is not supported by the appropriate Government, shall be liable to pay any kind of fee or charges or expenses which may prevent him or her from pursuing and completing elementary education.

‘Compulsory education’ casts an obligation on the appropriate Government and local authorities to provide and ensure admission, attendance and completion of elementary education by all children in the 6-14 age group. With this, India has moved forward to a rights based framework that casts a legal obligation on the Central and State Governments to implement this fundamental child right as enshrined in the Article 21A of the Constitution, in accordance with the provisions of the RTE Act.

The RTE Act provides for the:

Right of children to free and compulsory education till completion of elementary education in a neighbourhood school. It clarifies that ‘compulsory education’ means obligation of the appropriate government to provide free elementary education and ensure compulsory admission, attendance and completion of elementary education to every child in the six to fourteen age group. ‘Free’ means that no child shall be liable to pay any kind of fee or charges or expenses which may prevent him or her from pursuing and completing elementary education. It makes provisions for a non-admitted child to be admitted to an age appropriate class. It specifies the duties and responsibilities of appropriate Governments, local authority and parents in providing free and compulsory education, and sharing of financial and other responsibilities between the Central and State Governments. It lays down the norms and standards relating inter alia to Pupil Teacher Ratios (PTRs), buildings and infrastructure, school-working days, teacher-working hours. It provides for rational deployment of teachers by ensuring that the specified pupil teacher ratio is maintained for each school, rather than just as an average for the State or District or Block, thus ensuring that there is no urban-rural imbalance in teacher postings. It also provides for prohibition of deployment of teachers for non-educational work, other than decennial census, elections to local authority, state legislatures and parliament, and disaster relief. It provides for appointment of appropriately trained teachers, i.e. teachers with the requisite entry and academic qualifications. It prohibits (a) physical punishment and mental harassment; (b) screening procedures for admission of children; (c) capitation fee; (d) private tuition by teachers and (e) running of schools without recognition, It provides for development of curriculum in consonance with the values enshrined in the Constitution, and which would ensure the all-round development of the child, building on the child’s knowledge, potentiality and talent and making the child free of fear, trauma and anxiety through a system of child friendly and child centered learning.

: Departmen of School Education & Literacy
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When did primary education become free?

Effects – Between 1870 and 1880, 3,000 to 4,000 schools were started or taken over by school boards. Rural boards, run by parishes, had only one or two schools to manage, but industrial town and city boards had many. Rural boards favoured economy and the release of children for agricultural labour.

1. Town boards tended to be more rigorous in their provisions, and by 1890, some had special facilities for gymnastics, art and crafts and domestic science.
2. There were ongoing political clashes between the vested interests of Church, private schools and the National Education League followers.
3. In some districts, the creation of boards was delayed by local vote.

In others, church leaders managed to be voted onto boards and restrict the building of board schools or divert the school rate funds into church schools. Many factory owners feared the removal of children as a source of cheap labour. However, with the simple mathematics and English that they were acquiring, factory owners now had workers who could read and make measurements.

In Wales, the Act is widely believed to be one of the most damaging pieces of legislation in the social history of the Welsh language, as children in Wales who very often knew no English were taught in English only. The Act established the foundations of English elementary education although it was not taken up in all areas and would be more firmly enforced through later reforms.

The state’s Gladstonian liberalism became increasingly involved. Lord Sandon ‘s Elementary Education Act 1876 gave parents a legal obligation to ensure that their children were educated. Following continued campaigning by the National Education League, the Elementary Education Act 1880 (“the Mundella Act”) required attendance to the age of 10 everywhere in England and Wales, with various exemptions.
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Is primary school compulsory in India?

Education System in India Primary and Middle (lower primary (Standards I to V) and upper primary (Standards VI to VIII)) education is compulsory and free in India. Primary education begins at age 6 with Middle/Upper Primary school education ending at age 14.
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Is primary school compulsory in India?

Education System in India Primary and Middle (lower primary (Standards I to V) and upper primary (Standards VI to VIII)) education is compulsory and free in India. Primary education begins at age 6 with Middle/Upper Primary school education ending at age 14.
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Which state made primary education compulsory in India?

In 1893, Sayajirao Gaekwad started an experiment of providing free but compulsory primary education to all the children in the age group of 6-14 in ten selected villages of Amreli Mahal. He decided to ramp it up in 1906 across the entire Baroda State. This was for the first time in India that such a step was initiated.
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Who made efforts for compulsory primary education in India?

It was not until the age of 1870 that ‘a vigorous demand for laws to be made to make four years of primary education compulsory was made by Dadabhai Naoroji and Jyotiba Phule from Bombay Presidency in their evidences before the Indian Education Commission, 1882’ (Mondal, 2017, p.
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