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While the use of lip prints in personal identification and criminalization was first recommended in France by Edmond Locard as early as 1932.
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When was lip prints first studied?

Cheiloscopy: Revisited Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Yenepoya Dental College, Yenepoya University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India Find articles by 1 Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Goa Dental College and Hospital, Goa, India Find articles by 2 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Yenepoya Dental College, Yenepoya University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India Find articles by Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Yenepoya Dental College, Yenepoya University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India Find articles by

• Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Yenepoya Dental College, Yenepoya University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
• 1 Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Goa Dental College and Hospital, Goa, India
• 2 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Yenepoya Dental College, Yenepoya University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India

Address for correspondence: Dr. Rachana V Prabhu, Reader, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Yenepoya Dental College, Yenepoya University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India. E-mail: : © Journal of Forensic Dental Sciences This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

• Identification plays a very important role in any crime investigation.
• Cheiloscopy helps in identifying the humans based on the lips’ traces.
• The pattern of wrinkles on the lips has individual characteristics like fingerprints.
• A review of the literature reveals very little research done on lip prints so far.

The present article reviews in detail the history, scope of cheiloscopy, and the use of lip prints in crime detection. It also highlights the current research carried out in the field of cheiloscopy. An effort has been made to help the researchers by reviewing in detail the various methods of classifying and analyzing the lip prints.

1. It concludes by enlightening the readers with the fact that the possibilities to use the red part of lips to identify a human being are wider than it is commonly thought.
2. Eywords: Cheiloscopy, forensic odontology, forensic science, identification, lip prints, quiloscopy Identification plays a very important role in any crime investigation.

The introduction of fingerprints in the beginning of the past century as the only reliable means of human identification was due to the significant works of three distinguished persons – Sir William Herschel, Sir Francis Galton, and Sir Edward Henry.

1. Fingerprint system was first used in India in 1858 by Sir William Herschel.
2. In individuals, the fingerprint patterns are distinctive and permanent, and hence considered as the guide to identity.
3. Many a time, the materials with which a criminal may come in contact are unlikely to receive fingerprints of sufficient clarity to be useful as evidence.

Awareness of the modern techniques of crime detection has alerted the criminals for taking sufficient precautions like the use of gloves. In such circumstances, the identification of criminals using accurate methods like fingerprint analysis fails to establish a positive identity.

1. The investigators can rely on cheiloscopy as supportive evidence in specific investigations.
2. Thus, today identity can be established by a combination of methods which makes the identification process relatively flawless.
3. The pattern of wrinkles on the lips has individual characteristics as fingerprints.

Cheiloscopy (quiloscopy) can be defined as a method of identification of a person based on characteristic arrangement of lines appearing on the red part of lips or as a science dealing with lines appearing on the red part of lips. It is a forensic investigation technique that deals with identification of humans based on lips traces.

The biological phenomenon of systems of furrows on the red part of human lips was first noted by anthropologists.R. Fischer was the first to describe it in 1902. As early as 1932, Edmond Locard, one of France’s greatest criminologists, recommended the use of lip prints for the identification of a person.

Until 1950, however, anthropology merely mentioned the existence of the furrows without suggesting a practical use for the phenomenon. The idea of using lip prints for identification was first suggested by Le Moyne Snyder. He introduced a case in which lip prints helped the crime scientists in an unusual way.

• Dr. Martins Santos in 1960 proposed that these lip characteristics could be used in personal identification and devised a simple system for classifying lip prints.
• It was in Hungary during 1961 that the first research in Europe was carried out in the subject of lip prints.
• The examination started after lip traces had been found on a glass door at the scene of a murder.

At this time, the usefulness of the lip traces for criminalistic identification was proven. Since 1950, the Japanese have carried out extensive research in the matter. Apart from Santos’ classification, two Japanese scientists, Yasuo Tsuchihashi and Kazuo Suzuki, had been investigating forensic odontological relations of the female lips and lipstick.

• They said that there was an individual specificity in the morphology of the lip grooves.
• In 1971, Kazuo Suzuki and Yasuo Tsuchihashi carried out more investigations, which included uniovular twins They divided the lips into four quadrants and devised their own classification of six different types of grooves.

They demonstrated that no two lip prints manifested the same pattern, that lip prints of uniovular twins were extremely alike, and that their characteristics may be inherited from either parent. This was further confirmed by Tsuchihashi in his longitudinal study which included 1364 persons and the family groups.

These results added the strength to the theory of the heredity of lip prints. He found that the lip prints did not change over a period of time. It was observed in his study that no two uniovular twins had exactly identical lip print patterns. He also found that following trauma to a lip, it resumed its groove pattern after healing.

Based upon the research by the two Japanese scientists mentioned above, it was established that the arrangement of lines on the red part of human lips is individualistic and unique for each human being. This statement led to the conclusion that there is the possibility of using the arrangement of furrows (on a trace, in a linear form) on lips for the identification of a person.

During the years 1985–1997, cheiloscopic techniques had been used in 85 cases, including 65 burglary cases, 15 cases of homicide, and 5 cases of assault. In 34 cases the identification was positive, which means that cheiloscopic techniques were equal in value to other types of forensic evidence. It has also been included in evidence for presentation in court.

It was during the period 2000–2010 that studies were carried out by several researchers in India and other countries. Different aspects of the lip prints like stability, sex determination and various morphological patterns using lip prints among different groups of population were studied.

• A study on postmortem changes of lip prints was also carried out to find out the changes in anthropometric measurements of the lip region before and after fixation.
• All these studies were in agreement with the Japanese research and thus helped in concluding that the cheiloscopic studies can be implemented as an auxiliary method of identification.

It is difficult to place the lip prints in the general system of traces. The unique properties of the lip print help in identifying a human being spatially when it is revealed as a stratified surface trace with visible elements of lines. In the case where the lines are not clear, individual identification of a human being based on this trace is extremely difficult unless the trace contains more individual characteristics, e.g.

1. Scars, and often identification ends with group identification.
2. In these cases, it is possible to examine the substance which constitutes the trace, e.g.
3. Saliva, as a biological trace and to determine the blood group in the ABO system.
4. There is a huge potential for DNA typing from the lip print.
5. This process has not yet been attempted.

When a lip print is found at the scene of a crime, the character of the event, the number of the people involved, sexes, cosmetics used, habits, occupational traits, and the pathological changes of lips can be concluded. Just like fingerprints and teeth, lip prints can be used as an identifying tool in forensic sciences as each individual’s lips have a specific pattern of fissures.

• Traces of lips should be looked for on cutlery and crockery items, on the window or door glass, on photographs or letters.
• Lip prints may also appear side by side with tooth marks on food products.
• In practice, lip prints have also been revealed on the surface of windows, paintings, doors, plastic bags, and cigarette ends.

They can most frequently appear in the scene of murders, rapes, and burglaries. Traces with clear lines and individual elements enable individual identification of a human being. In a sense, lip prints have the same value as dactyloscopic traces. In the case of traces, in the shape of stains, the identification examination terminates with group identification; in their character they are similar to other chemical and biological traces.

• From the mid 1970s until 2000, research into conventional lip prints was carried out.
• Conventional lip prints refers to the lipstick smears that are often left as trace evidence and can link a suspect to a crime scene.
• In recent years, however, the cosmetic industry has been developing lipsticks which do not leave a visible smear or mark in contact and have been called persistent lipsticks.

A Spanish group has looked into the latent lip prints (i.e. lip prints from protective lipstick or permanent or long-lasting lipstick that do not leave any visible marks) left behind by these new lipsticks and their possible use as forensic evidence. They suggested that with the introduction of new smearless or markless lipsticks, the possibility of latent lip prints should be considered.

• Fingerprints are developed by a number of methods which rely on the fact that sweat and body oils which have been transferred from the body to an object react with a number of reagents to become visible.
• Fingerprint powders adhere to sweat and body oils, iodine when heated reacts with sweat, ninhydrin reacts with the amino acids in sweat, heated cyanoacrylate (Super Glue) reveals latent prints, and sweat fluoresces when illuminated by a laser.

Alvarez et al, tested developing the latent lip prints using a similar method. According to them, the vermilion borders of the lips have minor salivary glands and sebaceous glands. These glands are associated with hair follicles, with sweat glands in between, and secreting oils.

With these secretions and continual moisturizing, it makes the latent lip prints available at most of the crime scenes. Williams also stated that lip prints could be recorded without the use of lipstick or other recording medium, provided a suitable (non-porous) surface had been used which was then developed for prints.

In the study of Castello et al, on luminous lip prints, Nile Red was considered as a potential developer for latent lip prints. They used a property of luminescence for latent lip print development. Luminescence is specially a useful property for the search of invisible evidences at the scene of a crime.

1. A group of Korean authors, Kim et al,, conducted a study to show that a lip print is sufficiently used by the measurements of biometric systems.
2. Lip print recognition has been less developed than the recognition of other human physical attributes such as the fingerprint, voice patterns, retinal blood vessel patterns, or the face.

Lip print recognition by a CCD camera has the merit of being linked with other recognition systems such as the retinal/iris, eye, and the face. A new method using multi-resolution architecture is proposed to recognize a lip print from pattern kernels.

A set of pattern kernels is a function of some local lip print masks. This function converts the information from a lip print into digital data. Collection of lip prints from the crime scene and recording the lip print of the suspect plays a very important role. Lip prints can be classified and further analyzed only when a clear image is obtained.

Various authors have tried different methods of collection of the lip prints to get an analyzable image. Classification of the lip prints is based on the pattern of wrinkles or grooves on the vermillion border of the lips. Dr. Santos in 1966 divided the nature of wrinkles and grooves into simple and compound types.

Simple type was further subdivided into four groups, i.e. a straight line, a curved line, an angled line, and a sine-shaped curve. Compound type was further subdivided into bifurcated, trifurcated, and anomalous groups. Santos also classified the lip based on its thickness as thin, medium, thick, and mixed type.

Thin lips are generally seen amongst the European people. Medium lips are 8–10 mm in thickness, in which the pink zone is found to be more rounded. This type is more commonly found in the general population. Thick or very thick lips are very big in which the labial string appears inverted.

• These are the characteristics of Negros.
• Mixed type of lips was very commonly seen in Oriental people.
• Santos also reported various types of commissures like horizontal, flat, and elevated.
• Suzuki and Tsuchihashi named the grooves existing on the labiorum rubrorum as “sulci labiorum rubrorum” and the lip prints consisting of these grooves as “Figura linearum labiorum rubrorum,” i.e.

in general, “lip print,” and thus evolved a new classification of lip prints. Lip prints were classified into six types according to the shape and course of the grooves, This classification is most commonly followed for recording the patterns on the lips. Kasprzak gave a classification that has been proven in practice, in which he determined the pattern based on the numerical superiority of properties of the lines on the fragment. After the patterns of lines had been established, a first catalog of individual features was prepared and 23 types of individual properties were differentiated,

As the basis for the classification, the middle part of the lower lip, 10 mm wide, was taken since this fragment is almost visible in the trace. Classification of the patterns of the lines on the red part of the lips given by Kasprzak is as follows: If the lines prevail, the pattern is described as linear, “L.” If the bifurcation is dominant, it is called bifurcate, “R.” If the lines cross, the pattern is dubbed reticular, “S.” In the case where no superiority can be established, the pattern is named undetermined, “N”,

Using the aforesaid classification, Suzuki and Tsuchihashi recorded the lip prints in a way resembling a dental formula, generally used in a dental clinic. A horizontal line was drawn to distinguish the upper from the lower lip (Y – Y’) and a median line was drawn to divide the left and the right sides (X – X’): these two lines intersected at right angles.

1. The method of determining common features (similar to dactyloscopy): Establishment of seven to nine fine characteristics leads to positive identification.
2. The method of photographic montage.
3. The contour method.

Determining the common properties is the most basic identification method. The essential part of this method is the hypothesis that in order to establish identity between evidential and comparative material, one should determine the common features, including individual features from the catalog of 23 types of features,

1. The photographic montage method and the contour method supplement and support the method of establishing common properties.
2. In the method of a photographic montage, a fragment of the photograph of a comparative trace is fitted to a photograph of an evidential trace and the conformability of individual properties is examined.

In the contour method, contours of the most characteristic arrangements of lines on the red part of the lips are transferred onto transparent foil and are then compared with the lines in the photograph of evidential and comparative traces. The first cheiloscopic expertise was made in Poland in 1966 when a lip print was revealed on window glass at the scene of a burglary.

The examination was carried out and the expert concluded that the trace of lips revealed at the scene did not belong to the suspect. Kazuo Suzuki and Yasuo Tsuchihashi in 1970 reported an extremely rare case in which the materials of criminal identification were drawn from the lip prints. The identification result obtained was that the lip prints on the envelope were not made by the suspects.

The fact remains, however, that in 1976, the first personal identification by means of a lip print was made. During the inspection of the place of burglary in Milanowek, a legible trace of the lips was found on the glazed picture. And behind this picture, the owners of the place had kept the money.

• After the examination, it turned out that it was the lip print of the daughter of the owners.
• So, the cheiloscopic expertise itself, in this case, had an eliminatory character.
• Since the end of 1985, the Dactyloscopy Division of the Department of Criminalistics of the Civic Militia Headquarters has initiated elaborate methods, previously checked in laboratory conditions, and proved their usefulness in court proceedings.

In the year 1986–1987, two methods of cheiloscopic expertise were performed with positive, categorical opinions. In 1988, till the middle of April, two more methods of expertise were performed and again the opinions were positive and categorical. It concerned a burglary in a grocery store in the vicinity of Plonsk on November 18, 1987.

Lip prints were found along with the tooth marks on a piece of cake. Both examinations revealed that the person who had left the trace was one of the burglars. The expertise of tooth marks gave a probable result and the lip print expertise a categorical one. The example cited above proved the existence of large identifying possibilities of cheiloscopy.

What must also be stressed is that lip prints often accompany tooth marks. The tremendous research done in the field of cheiloscopy and ongoing research on latent lip prints highlights the fact that the possibilities to use the red part of lips to identify a human being are wider than it is commonly thought.

1. One could conclude, therefore, that these traces are rarely found at the scene of the crime.
2. This is not entirely true.
3. Source of Support: Nil Conflict of Interest: None declared 1. Reddy KS.
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Laurance GW, Egan SE, Turbett GR. Recovery of DNA for forensic analysis from lip cosmetics. J Forensic Sci.2001; 46 :1474–9.23. Alvarez M, Miquel M, Castello A, Verdu FA. Long–lasting lipsticks and latent prints. Forensic Sci Comm.2002; 4 :2.24. Alvarez M, Miquel M, Castello A, Verdu FA.

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Who introduced the study of the uniqueness of lip prints?

Introduction – The labial mucosa forms a characteristic pattern of skin creases/grooves called lip prints”. Study of lip prints is called Cheiloscopy. ( 1, 2 ) The applications of Lip prints are similar to those of fingerprints. As they are unique we can use lip prints for identification of suspects.

1. In past there were different modalities used for identification like fingerprints, MN blood group system, and DNA finger printing: of these, finger printing is most widely used.
2. As knowledge of using fingerprints for identification is increasing in the general population, offenders are taking care not to leave behind fingerprints at a crime scene.

So chelioscopy can also be used as an additional tool for crime investigation. One of the earliest workers in this field was “Dr. Martinez Santos from Brazil who classified the furrows on the lips and showed that they can be used for identification”. In the past several studies were conducted in various specialties in different parts of the world such as Czechoslovakia, Germany, Italy, France, Great Britain and Iran.

( 4 ) In the last decade, lip print studies attracted attention as a new tool for human identification. Cheiloscopy was first described by Fischer in 1902. ( 4 ) Locard recommended usefullness of lip prints in criminal investigation and personal identification ( 5 ),The present study had adopted Tsuchihashi classification to categorize lip prints.

According to Tsuchihashi there are 6 types of lip prints. These are:

Type I – A clear-cut groove running vertically across the lip Type I’ – Partial-length groove of Type I Type II – A branched groove Type III – An intersected groove Type IV – A reticular pattern Type V – Other patterns ( 6 )

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Who was the first person to recommend the use of lip prints for identification?

Use of lip prints in personal identification was first recommended in France by Edmond Locard.
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What is the study of lips in forensic science?

Identification plays a major role in any crime investigation. The shape of creases on the lips has distinct features like fingerprints. Cheiloscopy is a forensic investigation method that deals with identification of humans depending upon the on lips traces.
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Who was the first to use lipstick?

A Brief History Of Red Lipstick – Based on cosmetic cases found at archaeological sites dating back to 5,000 years ago, it’s thought that Ancient Sumerians were the first to wear lipstick. These ancient cosmetics were made by mixing crushed gemstones with oils and waxes.

1. Ancient Egyptians also wore red lipstick as an indicator of social status.
2. Egyptian red lipstick was made from crushed bugs — an ingredient that still appears in many lipsticks today.
3. In Ancient Greece, prostitutes were required by law to sport red lip pigment, lest they be confused for a respectable woman of the upper class.

Ancient Greek lipstick was made from a combination of red dye, sheep sweat, and crocodile droppings. In 16th century England, Queen Elizabeth revived red lipstick’s popularity with her signature look of alabaster skin with crimson lips. At this time, red lipstick was made from beeswax and red plant-based dyes, and was worn only by upper class women.

However, by the 1700s, red lipstick was outlawed in England on the basis that women were using cosmetics as a tool to seduce men into marriage. The charge? Witchcraft! Similar laws prevailed in the United States, where a marriage could be annulled if it was found that the woman had been wearing red lipstick during courtship.

Until the late 1800s, most lipstick was DIY, made with carmine dye extracted from insects called cochineal, The first commercially produced lipstick was invented in 1884 by French perfumers. This lipstick was formulated from a combination of deer tallow, castor oil, and beeswax.

1. At this time, lipstick was not sold in the metal or plastic tubes we know today.
2. Instead, it was sold in paper tubes, small pots, or wrapped in paper.
3. In the late 1800s, Guerlain began to manufacture red lipstick made from grapefruit, butter, and wax.
4. The Sears Roebuck catalog was selling rouge for the lips and cheeks by the late 1890s.

By 1912, undisguised use of cosmetics was popular with fashionable women in Western culture. Metal lipstick tubes became available in 1911, making it easier for women to reapply their lipstick on the go. In 1923, the first swivel-up lipstick tube, the design still commonly used today, was patented by James Brace Mason Jr.
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Who invented lip stain?

Lip stain – Lip stains originated in ancient Egypt when people used crushed beetles, henna and even some toxic substances to color their lips in purple or red hues. The first modern lip stain was created by Benefit in the ’70s and was actually made for exotic dancers.

• Is a reincarnation of that original formula.
• Is sheer, buildable and kiss-proof.
• Try it for a classic, natural look.
• Some long-lasting lip stain formulas can dry out the lips, especially when used all the time.
• However, a good lip balm can fix this issue – either dabbed on before the application or used throughout the day to touch up when the lips start to feel a little dry.

This is a perfect example. If it can keep your lips feeling amazing on a 10-hour transatlantic flight (remember those?), it can surely help with that parched feeling when using lip stain products. Lip stains range in price from $5-$85, with the most popular ones costing between $15-$30.
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Who wrote the first definitive study of fingerprints?

Francis Galton -conducted the first definitive study of fingerprints and their classification.
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Which science deals on the study of lip prints?

Cheiloscopy is a forensic investigation technique that deals with identification of humans based on lips traces. In the past decades, lip-print studies attracted the attention of many scientists as a new tool for human identification in both civil and criminal issues.
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Who was the one who introduced fingerprint in Germany?

Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries – From the late 16th century onwards, European academics attempted to include fingerprints in scientific studies. But plausible conclusions could be established only from the mid-17th century onwards. In 1686 the professor of anatomy at the University of Bologna Marcello Malpighi identified ridges, spirals and loops in fingerprints left on surfaces.
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Who was the first person to classify the lip grooves?

Lip prints: Role in forensic odontology Department of Oral Pathology, Vivekanandha Dental College for Women, Tiruchengodu, Tamil Nadu, India Find articles by Department of Oral Pathology, Vivekanandha Dental College for Women, Tiruchengodu, Tamil Nadu, India Find articles by Department of Oral Pathology, Vivekanandha Dental College for Women, Tiruchengodu, Tamil Nadu, India Find articles by 1 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Madha Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Find articles by 2 Department of Oral and maxillofacial pathology, SRM Kattankulathur Dental College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Find articles by Received 2013 May 2; Revised 2013 May 4; Accepted 2013 May 4.

: © Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 3.0 Unported, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Identification plays a major role in any crime investigation. The pattern of wrinkles on the lips has individual characteristics like fingerprints. Cheiloscopy is a forensic investigation technique that deals with identification of humans based on lips traces.

• In the past decades, lip-print studies attracted the attention of many scientists as a new tool for human identification in both civil and criminal issues.
• The lip crease pattern is on the vermilion border of the lip, which is quite mobile and lip prints may vary in appearance according to the pressure, direction and method used in making the print.

It concludes by enlightening the readers with the fact that the possibilities to use the red part of lips to identify a human being are wider than it is commonly thought. Keywords: Cheiloscopy, criminal issues, lip prints, lips traces The challenges faced by man in early days to provide the identity of an individual.

Identification of humans is prerequisite for personal, social and legal reason. The invention of finger print in the past century is the only reliable means of human identification. In individuals, the finger print patterns are distinctive and permanent and hence considered as a tool for identification.

However, the awareness of the advanced techniques in crime detection has alarmed the criminals for taking sufficient precautions like the use of gloves. In such circumstances, the identification of criminal using accurate methods like fingerprint analysis fail to establish a positive identity.

• Thus investigator can rely on adjuvant technique such as cheiloscopy as supportive evidence.
• The pattern of wrinkles on the lips has individual characteristics as fingerprints.
• The wrinkles and grooves on the labial mucosa (called sulci labiorum) form a characteristic pattern called lip prints, the study of which is referred to as Cheiloscopy.

It can be defined “as a method of identification of a person based on characteristic arrangements of lines appearing on the red part of lips or as a science dealing with lines appearing on red part of the lips”. The lip prints being uniform throughout the life and characteristics of person can be used to verify the presence or absence of a person from the crime, provided there has been consumption of beverages, drinks, usage of cloth, tissues or napkin etc., at the crime scene.

• However, studying in depth and establishing further facts and truth in lip prints will certainly help as useful evidence in forensic dentistry.
• The biological phenomenon of systems of furrows on the red part of human lips was first noted by anthropologists; R.
• Fischer was the first to describe it in 1902.

In 1932, one of the France′s greatest criminologist Edmond Locard, recommended the use of lip print for identification of a person. The idea of using lip print for identification was first suggested by Le Moyne Snyder in the year 1950. He introduced a case in which lip prints helped the crime scientist in an unusual way.

• Dr. Martins Santos in 1960 proposed that these lip characteristics could be used in personal identification and devised a simple system for classifying lip prints.
• In 1967, Suzuki made a detail investigation of the measurement of lips, the use and the color of rouge and method of its extraction to obtain useful data for forensic application.

Later in 1971 Suzuki and Tsuchihashi, conducted a study and they devised their own classification. Mc Donell in 1972 conducted a study on lip prints between two identical twins and reported that two identical twins seemed to be indistinguishable by every other means but they had different lip prints.

Cottone in 1981, reported in his book Outline of Forensic Dentistry, that cheiloscopy is one of the special techniques used for personal identification. In 1990, Kasprzak conducted research for the period of 5 years on 1500 persons to elaborate the practical use of lip prints. It was during the period 2000-2012 that the study was carried out by several researchers from other countries and also in India.

Different aspect of lip prints like stability, morphological patterns and sex determination among different groups of population. So all this research suggesting that the cheiloscopy can be used as an adjuvant technique in identification. In 1967 Santos was the first person to classify lip grooves.

1. Straight line
2. Curved line
3. Angled line
4. Sine-shaped line

Suzuki and Tsuchihashi, in 1970, devised a classification method of lip prints, which follows: Suzuki and Tsuchihashi classification

1. Type I: A clear-cut groove running vertically across the lip.
2. Type I′: Partial-length groove of Type I.
3. Type II: A Branched groove.
4. Type III: An intersected groove.
5. Type IV: A Reticular pattern
6. Type V: Other patterns.

• This classification is the most commonly used for recording the pattern on the lips.
• Recording lip prints
• Lip prints can be recorded in a number of ways.

1. Photographing the suspect′s lips.
2. On a non-porous flat surface such as a mirror they can be photographed, enlarged and overlay tracings made of the grooves.
3. Applying lipstick, lip rouge, or other suitable transfer mediums to the lips and then having the individual press his or her lips to a piece of paper or cellophane tape or similar surface.
4. Using a finger printer, preferably a roller finger printer.
5. By having the subject impress his or her lips (without lipstick or other recording medium) against a suitable surface and then processing these prints with either conventional finger print developing powder or with a magna brush and magnetic powder.

Provided the lip print is left on a suitable medium it can be developed using a number of different powders or cyanoacrylate and photographed. The powders used are the same as for fingerprint development and the latent lip prints must be dry. For many crime scene investigators, more than half of the powder they use is regular, nonmagnetic powder.

It can be used on windows, counter-tops, television sets and many other items moved or touched at residential burglary scenes. At commercial burglary scenes, it can be used on metal file cabinets, painted doors, broken glass and metal window frames. Regular powders are available in colors such as black, silver/gray, Bichromatic and white.

Proper color is chosen to provide sufficient contrast with the background surface if a clear photograph of the latent print has to be obtained. To record lip prints using the magna brush method, the person should impress his or her lips against a glossy porous surface or a smooth nonporous surface.

These lip prints should then be subjected to a heat source until they solidify or should be allowed to air dry. These prints should then be powdered using a magna brush and magnetic powder. Conventional powder methods are usually unsuitable for powdering lip prints, inasmuch as the brush tends to smear or leave streak marks on the print.

These streaks may then be interpreted as false characteristics by the comparer. These magnetic powders and magna brush are costly as compared to that of conventional powders. Just like finger print and teeth, lip print can be used as tool for identification.

1. Lip prints are unique and do not change during life of a person.
2. Traces of lips should be looked for on cutlery and crockery items, on the window or door glass and on photograph or letters.
3. Lip print may also appear on side by side with tooth marks on food products.
4. In practice, lip prints have also seen in the windows, painting, doors, plastic bags and cigarette ends.

They can be most frequently seen during murders, rapes and burglaries. Traces with clear lines and individual elements enable individual identification of human beings. In a sense, lip prints have the same value as dactyloscopic traces. In the case of traces, in the shape of strains the identification examination terminates with group identification; in their character they are similar to other chemical and biological traces.

1. Lip print identification is generally acceptable within the forensic science community as a means of positive identification because it appears in the literature.
2. Lip print identification methodology, although seldom used is very similar to finger print comparison and is known and accepted form of scientific comparison.
3. There is no dissent in the forensic science community with regards to either the methodology used or fact that lip prints provide a positive identification.
4. The Federal bureau of investigation (FBI) and the Illinois state police consider that lip prints are unique like finger prints and are positive means of identification.

Along with other traditional method, cheiloscopy can also serve as a very important tool in identification of a person. The uniqueness of lip print needed to be conformed and accepted. A standard and uniform procedure has to be developed for the collection, development and recording of lip prints and the ensuring comparison.

Source of Support: Nil. Conflict of Interest: None declared.1. Sharma P, Saxena S, Rathod V. Cheiloscopy: The study of lip prints in sex identification. J Forensic Dent Sci.2009; 1 :24–7.2. Prabhu RV, Dinkar AD, Prabhu VD, Rao PK. Cheiloscopy: Revisited. J Forensic Dent Sci.2012; 4 :47–52.3. Reddy LV. Lip prints: An overview in forensic dentistry.

J Adv Dent Res.2011; 1 :17–20.4. Randhawa K, Narang RS, Arora PC. Study of the effect of age changes on lip print pattern and its reliability in sex determination. J Forensic Odontostomatol.2011; 29 :45–51.5. Utsuno H, Kanoh T, Tadokoro O, Inoue K. Preliminary study of post mortem identification using lip prints.

Forensic Sci Int.2005; 149 :129–32.6. Kasprzak J. Possibilities of cheiloscopy. Forensic Sci Int.1990; 46 :145–51.7. Thomas CJ, van Wyk CW. The palatal rugae in an identification. J Forensic Odontostomatol.1988; 6 :21–7.8. Saraswathi TR, Mishra G, Ranganathan K. Study of lip prints. J Forensic Dent Sci.2009; 1 :28–31.9.

Santos M. Queiloscopy: A supplementary stomotalogical means of identification. Int Microform J Legal Med.1967; 1 :2.10. Suzuki K, Tsuchihashi Y. A new attempt of personal identification by means of lip print. Can Soc Forensic Sci.1971; 4 :154–8.11. Williams TR.

Lip prints: Another means of identification. J Forensic Indent.1991; 41 :190–4.12. Ball J. The current status of lip prints and their use for identification. J Forensic Odontostomatol.2002; 20 :43–6.13. Prabhu RV, Dinkar AD, Prabhu VD. Collection of lip prints as a forensic evidence at the crime scene: An insight.

J Oral Health Res.2010; 1 :129–35.14. Alvarez M, Miquel M, Castello A, Verdu FA. Long: Lasting lipsticks and latent prints. Forensic Sci Commun.2002; 4 :2.15. Kasprzak J. Cheiloscopy. In: Siegal JA, Saukko PJ, Geoffrey C, Knupfer M, editors. Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences.
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Who came up with the first method of personal identification?

The Chinese were the first culture known to have used friction ridge impressions as a means of identification. The earliest example comes from a Chinese document en- titled ‘The Volume of Crime Scene Investigation—Burglary’, from the Qin Dynasty (221 to 206 B.C.).
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Which is a method for collecting lip prints?

Full Text: Introduction Identification is a matter of paramount importance in any crime investigation. It means determination of the individuality of a person based on certain physical characteristics in living or dead persons, decomposed bodies, mutilated bodies and skeleton.

Cheiloscopy is a forensic investigation technique that deals with identification of humans based on lips traces. The pattern of wrinkles on the lips has individual characteristics as fingerprints. Since 1950, the Japanese have carried out extensive research in the matter of Cheiloscopy. Tsuchihashi in Japan studied Lip Print impressions called “ko shimon” (mouth fingerprints) in Japanese.

Based upon the research done by Suzuki and Tsuchihashi (1968-71) (1), it was established that the arrangement of lines on the red part of human lips is individual and unique for each human being. This statement led to the conclusion that there is a possibility of using the arrangement of furrows on lips for the identification of a person.

The Lip Prints being uniform throughout the life and characteristics of person, can be used to verify the presence or absence of a person from the crime (2), provided there has been consumption of beverages, drinks, usage of cloth, tissues or napkin etc. at the crime scene. Although Lip Print identification may appear in the field of literature, there is very little science or research to support Suzuki’s theory that Lip Prints are individual, or to support a methodology, for the collection and comparison of Lip Prints, which has become accepted within the forensic community.

The lip crease pattern is on the vermilion border of the lip, which is quite mobile and Lip Prints may vary in appearance according to the pressure, direction and method used in making the print. If lip stick is used as a recording medium the amount applied may also affect the print.

A traditional or conventional lipstick produces a print that is initially identifiable and can been seen with the naked eye. These are called as visible prints. However, the cosmetics industry has developed long-lasting Lip Prints that often do not leave visible prints and can thus be overlooked at the crime scene.

Invisible prints are called latent prints. Collection of the Lip Prints with a suitable transferring and recording media is important. Various methods have been followed till today for recording the Lip Prints. The present article reviews various methods of collection or recording the Lip prints with an emphasis on development of the latent lip Prints. 3. Applying lipstick, lip rouge, or other suitable transfer mediums to the lips and then having the individual press his or her lips to a piece of paper or cellophane tape or similar surface (3-6) (Figure 1) 4. Using a finger printer, preferably a roller finger printer (4), (7).5.

By having the subject impress his or her lips (without lipstick or other recording medium) against a suitable surface and then processing these prints with either conventional fingerprint developing powder or with a magna brush and magnetic powder (3). (Figure 2) Photography When the lips are photographed, proper lighting should be focused on the lips at an angle that accentuates the contrast between the white and dark areas.

The resulting Lip Print photographs should be of approximate natural size. This can be accomplished by placing a measuring device, ideally an ABFO scale No.2, or a ruler so that it will show in the photograph (3). Suzuki and Tsuchihashi (4), (7), in their study, obtained half sized negative film taken by Medical Nikkor (f 200 mm, lens 1: 5.6) and used for a contact print after enlarging to double size to get life size photographs.

• The photographic method involves photographing the Lip Print (either direct or latent and subsequently developed), and comparing it with photographs of the lips of the suspects or photograph of the Lip Print of the suspects.
• Photographing of the lips can often be very tricky and subject to errors as the central area of the lips and the angles of the lips are never in the same plane which leads to focusing errors resulting in unsharp or blurred or partial images of the lips.

This invariably calls for recording the Lip Print and then photographing them and then comparing the two photographs. Thus in spite of being a reliable method in other areas of forensics, in the recording of Lip Print images it adds to the cost but does not enhance the clarity in the same rising proportions.

• With the advent of digital photography, the trend is to record direct digital imaging using digital camera.
• Several courts particularly those in U.K.
• Reject the evidence if the very first photograph is a direct digital image.
• On the grounds that there is no proof that the digital image has not been previously manipulated using any of the available digital imaging software including Adobe Photoshop.

The court in U.K. insists on having the primary records based on conventional photographs and a willing to accept digital analysis of such photographs. Recording Lip Prints using lip stick or other transferring medium Williams (3) suggest that after lipstick is applied to the lip, multiple records or several “sets” of Lip Prints should be taken.

• A “set” consists of prints taken with the mouth in a particular position, such as pursed.
• Each “set” is taken by applying a large amount of the transfer medium, and then having the individual press his or her lips against the recording medium (paper, glossy cards, piece of glass, etc.) in a series of Lip Prints until all of the transfer medium is exhausted.

To ensure that all parts of the lips are recorded, several “sets” of prints should be taken. This technique would be the same as collecting finger prints by pressing inked fingers on to special paper, which was used early on, and the images then observed through a magnifying glass and traced onto cellophane (4).

1. Sivapathasundharam (8) collected the material for study by applying a thin layer of lipstick stain on the lips of the subjects.
2. After about two minute, a lip impression was made on a strip of cellophane tape on the glued surface, which was then stuck to a white paper, which served as a permanent record.

The impression was subsequently visualized with the use of the magnifying lens. There are two recognized methods of recording Lip Prints. In the first method (9), Lipstick is applied with a single motion, evenly on the lips. The subject is then asked to rub his/her lips together to spread the lipstick uniformly.

• The folded piece of white bond paper is placed between the lips, and the person is asked to press their lips gently against the paper.
• Care is taken to avoid sliding of the lips, to prevent smudging of the print.
• The paper is removed and the print is labeled.
• In the second method, (9-11) after application of the lipstick, the subject is asked to rub his/her lips together to spread the lipstick uniformly.

Prints are taken on a bond paper, well supported by a flat cardboard piece. The centre portion of the lips are dabbed first by the paper and then pressing it uniformly to the right and left corners of the lips. Care is taken to avoid sliding of the lips to prevent smudging of the print. The prints are studied carefully under a magnifying lens to analyze the lip patterns quadrant wise, denoting the type according to Suzuki’s classification. Using a finger printer Suzuki and Tsuchihashi (4), (7) in their study, used a “Roller Finger Printer” (made by the Hollister Co., U.S.A.) to collect Lip Prints.

This was a popular method for recording finger prints because it can be used to take finger prints clearly and simply without staining the fingers. This method was therefore adopted to obtain Lip Print records. The special paper rolled on to the roller finger printer was applied directly to the lips to record the pattern of the Lip Print.

The Lip Prints obtained by these methods were traced onto cellophane paper and examined with a magnifying glass. The traces of Lip print can be obtained using fingerprinting roller as described by Kasprzak (12) in the following manner: The examined person covered the mouth with a thin layer of skin care cream.

After about 3 minutes, a strip of paper 120 mm long and 45 mm wide mounted on a specially profiled roller (made from fingerprinting roller) was lightly pressed to the lips. The impression was subsequently visualized with the use of ferromagnetic powder used in developing latent fingerprints, and then fixed on a transparent foil.

The Lip Prints are on the ruddy part, or the zone of transition, of the lips, which are extremely mobile, so smudging of the prints can occur because of excessive or uneven pressure usually noticed in subjects with prominent upper and / or lower lip when other methods like using a cellophane tape or paper roller, roller printer or dabbing of the lips against the paper is used to collect upper and lower Lip Print together.

1. When the subject is asked to press his or her lips against the folded paper there is a possibility of only the central area coming in contact with the paper and in doing so the rest or the relaxed position of the lips is not achieved which invariably leads to distortion of the prints.
2. Processing and Developing of the Lip Prints Provided the Lip Print is left on a suitable medium it can be developed using a number of different powders (13), (14) or cyanoacrylate and photographed.

The powders used are the same as for fingerprint development and the latent Lip Prints must be dry (12). Basic Latent Print Dusting For many crime scene investigators, more than half of the powder they use is regular, nonmagnetic powder. It can be used on windows, counter-tops, television sets and many other items moved or touched at residential burglary scenes.

• At commercial burglary scenes, it can be used on metal file cabinets, painted doors, broken glass and metal window frames (15).
• Regular powders are available in colors such as black, silver / gray, Bichromatic and white.
• Proper color is chosen to provide sufficient contrast with the background surface if a clear photograph of the latent print has to be obtained.

Developing the Latent Lip Prints To record Lip Prints using the magna brush method, the person should impress his or her lips against a glossy porous surface or a smooth nonporous surface. These Lip Prints should then be subjected to a heat source until they solidify or should be allowed to air dry.

• These prints should then be powdered using a magna brush and magnetic powder.
• Conventional powder methods are usually unsuitable for powdering Lip Prints, inasmuch as the brush tends to smear or leave streak marks on the print.
• These streaks may then be interpreted as false characteristics by the comparer.

As with the previously described method, several “sets” should be taken. Williams (3) suggests powdering method using magna brush and magnetic powder. These magnetic powders and magna brush are costly as compared to that of conventional powders. A traditional or conventional lipstick produces a print that is initially identifiable.

• However, the cosmetics industry has developed long-lasting Lip Prints that often do not leave visible prints and can thus be overlooked at the crime scene.
• Different lipsticks have different compositions.
• During the manufacture of long-lasting lipstick, the oil content is reduced to a minimum.
• Thus, development using conventional powders and reagents becomes more difficult (13).

Alvarez et al (14), conducted a study on latent Lip Prints produced by four persistent lipsticks. They concluded by stating that the developing method is no different from that used in the case of fingerprints, so no special equipment is needed for such a search.

When the effectiveness of several fingerprint powders and reagents on lipstick prints was analyzed by a study (14) red (Dragon’s Red), fingerprint black, and silver metallic powders were found to be the most effective. It was also determined that sublimated iodine does not produce development. Thus, it is necessary to find other development methods that are more sensitive to oils and more easily applied to locate and develop the prints.

A study conducted in 2002 (13), analyzed the effectiveness of three reagents that are generically called lysochromes (Sudan III, Oil Red O, and Sudan black) to the fingerprint red (Dragon’s Red), black, and silver metallic powders as well as to ninhydrin in developing recent as well as older latent Lip Prints from long-lasting lipsticks on porous paper and cloth surfaces.

• Lysochrome is a generic term for compounds that have the ability to dye fatty acids.
• Their molecule contains a portion that dissolves in contact with fat (lyso) and another that is responsible for color (chrome).
• Lysochromes have an advantage over a chemical agent because they react with fats and physical reagents (13).

Following procedures were followed for developing a latent Lip Print using fingerprint powders (2): Using a brush, a small quantity of powder was carefully applied on the surface where the attempt was being made to locate the latent Lip. Application continued and extended until the print could be seen clearly.

1. When using powder lysochromes, very little reagent was used, but sufficient time was provided to allow it to work.
2. It was concluded from the above study that lysochromes are a highly useful group of compounds for locating and developing recent as well as older latent Lip Prints.
3. Classification of the Lip Prints Suzuki and Tsuchihashi (4), (16) named the grooves existing on the labiorum rubrorum as “sulci labiorum rubrorum”, and the Lip Prints consisting of these grooves, as “Figura linearum labiorum rubrorum”, i.e.

in general “Lip Print” and evolved a classification of Lip Prints. Lip Prints were classified into six types according to the shape and course of the grooves. (Table 1) Kasprzak (12) gave a classification that has been proven in practice in which he determined the pattern based on the numerical superiority of properties of the lines on the fragment and after the patterns of lines had been established, a first catalogue of individual features was prepared, 23 types of individual properties were differentiated (12), (17) (Table 2).

1. As the basis for classification, the middle part of the lower lip, 10 mm wide, was taken since this fragment is almost visible in the trace (8), (12).
2. Table 1: Suzuki and Tsuchihashi’s Classification Type I A clear cut line or groove running vertically across the lip Type I’ Straight grooves that disappear halfway into the lip instead of covering the entire breadth of the lip or Partial-length groove of Type I Type II Grooves that fork in their course or a branched groove Type III An intersected groove Type IV A reticular groove Type V Grooves that do not fall into any of the above categories and cannot be differentiated morphologically Table 2: Individual features of line pattern on red part of lips by Kasprzak Type of Graphic Type of Features Graphic Features Symbol Symbol An Eye A Closing Bottom Bifurcation A Hook A Delta Like Opening A Bridge A Simple Opening A Line A Closing Top Bifurcation A Dot A Pentagonal Arrangement A Rectangl A Branch Like Top e-Like Bifurcation A Triangle A Star-Like Bifurcation -Like A Group of Dots A Fence A Simple Top A Branch Like Bottom Bifurcation Bifurcation A Simple Bottom A Double Fence Bifurcation A Double Eye A Hexagonal Arrangement Crossing Lines Lip print in court The actual use of Lip Prints in court is rare and its acceptance debatable.

Professor Jay Siegel (Professor of Forensic Science and Associate Director of the School of Criminal Justice, Michigan State University) considers Lip Print evidence to be admissible in court but the FBI has used Lip Prints as a means of positive identification only once (1).

Conclusions The possibilities to use the red part of lips to identify a human being are wider than it is commonly thought. A trace of this kind can only be revealed at the point of direct, physical contact of a perpetrator’s lips with an object at the scene of the crime. Today, however investigations can also rely on Lip Prints to identify possible suspects or to support evidence gained in specific investigations.

Collection of the visible as well as latent Lip Prints with a suitable transferring and recording media is important for its consideration as positive forensic evidence. Thus one can conclude that identity can be established by a combination of methods which makes the identification process relatively flawless.

References (1.) Ball J. The current status of lip prints and their use for identification. J Forensic Odontostomatol.2002; 20: 43-6. (2.) Utsuno H, Kanoh T, Tadokoro O, Inoue K. Preliminary study of post mortem identification using lip prints. Forensic Sci Int.2005;149:129-32. (3.) Williams TR. Lip Prints-Another Means of Identification.

J Forensic Indent.1991; 41: 190-4. (4.) Tsuchihashi Y. Studies on Personal Identification by Means of Lip Prints. Forensic Sci.1974; 3: 233-48. (5.) Preeti S, Susmita S, Vanita R. Cheiloscopy: The study of lip prints in sex identification. J Forensic Dent Sci.2009;1:24-7. (6.) Saraswathi TR, Gauri M, Ranganathan K. Study of lip prints. J Forensic Dent Sci.2009;1:28-31. (7.) Suzuki K, Tsuchihashi Y. New Attempt of Personal Identification by Means of Lip Print. J Indian Dent Assoc.1970; 42: 8-9. (8.) Sivapathasundharam B. et. al. Lip Prints (Cheiloscopy). Ind J Dent Res.2001; 12: 234-37. (9.) Manipady S. A comparative study of lip print patterns among Indians and Chinese in Manipal (Dissertation). Manipal, India: Manipal Academy of Higher Education University; 2002. (10.) Vahanwala SP, Parekh BK. Study of lip prints as an aid to forensic methodology.

• J Forensic Med Toxicol.2000; 17: 12-8.
• 11.) Vahanwala SP, Parekh BK.
• Study of lip prints as an aid to forensic methodology.
• J Indian Dent Assoc.2000; 71: 268-71.
• 12.) Kasprzak J.
• Cheiloscopy.
• In: Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences. Jay A.
• Siegal, Saukko PJ., Geoffrey C.
• Nupfer (eds).
• August 2000; 1: 358-61.

(13.) Alvarez M, Miquel M, Castello A, Verdu FA. Long-Lasting Lipsticks and Latent Prints. Forensic Science communications.2002; 4: 2. (14.) Alvarez M, Miquel M, Castello A, Verdu FA. Persistent lipsticks and their lip prints; new hidden evidence at the crime scene.

1. Forensic Sci Int.2000;112: 41-7 (15.) Basic Latent Print Dusting.
2. In: Minutiae Catalog.
3. Lighting Powder Company, Inc.
4. July-August 2001; 16: 7.
5. 16.) Suzuki K, Tsuchihashi Y.
6. A new attempt of personal identification by means of lip print.
7. Canadian Society of Forensic Science.1971; 4: 154-8.
8. 17.) Kasprzak J.

Possibilities of cheiloscopy. Forensic Sci Int.1990; 46: 145-51. Rachana V Prabhu, * Ajit D Dinkar,, Vishnudas Dinesh Prabhu * Reader, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Yenopoya Dental college and Hospital, Mangalore, Karnataka, India.
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Where are lip prints located?

Lip prints are defined as normal wrinkles and grooves present in the zone of transition of human lip, between the inner labial mucosa and outer skin, examination of which is known as Cheiloscopy.
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What is the scientific name for lips?

Structure and Function – The upper and lower lips are known as, respectively, labium superius oris and labium inferius oris. Both the upper and lower lip contains mucosal membrane, vermilion, and cutaneous surfaces. While considerations of the lips are often centered on the vermilion zone, the upper lip extends from the nasolabial folds to the inferior margin of the nose, and the lower lip encompasses the region between the lateral commissures and the labiomental crease of the chin.

1. The upper and lower lips intersect at the mouth angle, referred to as the commissure.
2. This is the point at which several muscles involved in lip movement attach.
3. The upper lip is characterized by a symmetrical pair of paramedian vertical philtral ridges bordering the central depression known as the philtrum, directly below the nasal septum.

The philtral ridges and the philtrum are formed by a unique collection of dermal collagen and dense elastic tissue. As elasticity is diminished with age, the philtrum takes on a less prominent appearance. The philtrum is believed to serve as a supply of additional skin to be recruited for oral movements requiring stretching of the upper lip.

• The inferior margin of the philtrum forms the downward arch of the cupid’s bow, while the underlying fleshy fullness is known as the tubercle or procheilon.
• Outlining the vermilion borders of the upper and lower lips is a 2 to 3 mm pale convexity known as the white roll, formed by the bulging of the orbicularis oris muscle laying beneath.

The upper and lower lips connect to the gums by the frenulum labii superioris and frenulum labii inferioris, respectively. The vermilion of the lips is comprised of a modified mucous membrane composed of hairless, highly vascularized, nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium.

This membrane is three to five cellular layers in thickness, in contrast to the 16-layer facial skin. Additionally, the vermilion lacks the typical skin appendages seen in the cutaneous lip, bearing no hair follicles or salivary, sweat and sebaceous glands. The vermilion ranges in color from reddish-pink to brown, depending on ethnicity.

The characteristic redness of the vermilion zone is secondary to the paucity of melanocytes and high density of superficial vasculature underlying the membrane. Thus, the blood vessels appear prominent, particularly in those with lighter skin. The red line denotes the division between the dry vermilion and the mucous membrane of the oral cavity in both the upper and lower lips.

The transition to the wet labial mucosal is marked by the presence of submucosal salivary glands and the sudden cessation of skin lines. The lips surround the oral cavity and play a vital role in mastication, facial expression, phonation, tactile sensation, and intimacy. The lips aid in eating by holding food within the mouth and creating an airtight seal that prevents liquids from spilling out of the oral cavity.

The lips play a critical role in breastfeeding, by creating a funnel-shape to allow for suction on the nipple. An important component of the speech apparatus, the lips are involved in the creating of bilabial (m, p, b) and labiodental (f, v) consonant sounds and vowel rounding/labialization.

Individuals with hearing loss may rely on the lips to lip-read to understand speech without perceiving sounds. The lips are also required for whistling and the playing of wind instruments. The large degree of mobility of the lips allows for substantial movements that enable emotional expression such as smiling and frowning.

Additionally, the lips are involved in mediating sexual attraction and are a well-known erogenous zone exploited during acts of kissing.
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What is the name of study of fingerprints?

Study of fingerprint classification and their gender distribution among South Indian population , November 2009, Pages 460-463 Study of fingerprints as methods of identification is also known as Dactylography or Dactyloscopy, and at present it is also known as Henry–Galton system of identification. Dactylography is the process of taking the impressions of papillary ridges of the fingertips for the purpose of identification of a person.

Identification by this method is absolute, without any chance of error.1 Identification means determination of individuality of a person. It may be complete (absolute) or incomplete (partial). Complete identification means the absolute fixation of a person. Partial identification implies ascertainment of only small facts about the identity while others still remain unknown.

The most successful approach utilises a combination of more than one method.2 Some of the following points are usually noted for the purpose of identification like race, sex, age, complexion and features, hair, footprints, deformities, tattoo marks, scars, occupational marks, handwriting, clothes and personal articles, speech and voice, gait, memory, education and DNA profile, etc., out of which fingerprint system is the best and it has been estimated that chances of two persons having identical finger impressions is about one in sixty four thousand million population of the world.3 Identical twins, originating from one fertilized egg, are arguably the most alike of any beings on earth.

1. To determine the predominant fingerprint pattern among South Indian population. 2. To determine the possibility of gender distribution in finger prints.

The present study was conducted in the department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, J.S.S. Medical College, Mysore, India, amongst 500 South Indians. Total sample constituted of 250 males and 250 females. Non-resident Indians and subjects from Central, Western and Eastern India were excluded from the study. Subjects with any evidence of disease and injury of the fingertips that was likely to alter the fingerprint pattern (leprosy, scars of the fingertips, lacerations) were excluded. Informed The subject was asked to wash and dry their hands to remove dirt and grease. The subject was asked to keep his/her arm relaxed and not to try to help in rolling the fingers as this may cause smudging. Then the finger bulbs were rolled on the Printake strip – and bilateral rolled finger ball prints of 500 South Indians (250 females and 250 males) were collected. The thumb and the fingers are always rolled away from the body of the person who is being printed. This starts the motion with the elbow The data obtained was analysed statistically using SPSS (Statistical Programme for Social Sciences, version 10.0) computer software package. t -test was performed to test the significance and p -value < 0.05 was considered as significant. In the present study the ulnar loop was the most frequently observed pattern followed by whorl in the total subject population of 250 females and 250 males in all the 10 digits. In females 55.28% of ulnar loop pattern was observed against a 26.84% of the whorl pattern, and in males 49.32% of ulnar loop pattern was observed against a 30.64% of the whorl pattern. It was also observed that in the total subject population the whorl pattern was significantly higher in both the ring fingers than that The following conclusions were drawn based on the study of finger prints:

1. The most frequent pattern among South Indian population is loop (ulnar). 2. Irrespective of the sexes the pattern did not show any difference.

I am employed as Assistant Professor in J.S.S. Medical College, Mysore-15, Karnataka, India, and no source of support were taken in the form of grants/funding. None declared. None declared. I thank Dr.K.R. Nagesh, Associate Professor, Department of Forensic Medicine, Fr.

1. Muller Medical College, Mangalore, Dr.M.
2. Arun, Associate Professor, Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, J.S.S.
3. Medical College, Mysore, and Mr.G.B.
4. Aravind, Professor and Head of the Department of Criminology and Forensic Science, SBRR Mahajana First Grade College, Mysore, Karnataka for their enthusiastic support without which this study would not have been possible.

I am thankful to my wife Mrs.

A. Nandy K. Vij J.P. Modi A. Mozayani et al. The Henry Classification System – International Biometric Group. New York. NY 10004; 2003.p. B.C. Bridges et al.

The unique and persistent nature of dermatoglyphic features serves as a valuable tool for the inclusion and exclusion of the suspect at a crime scene. Moreover, dermatoglyphic characteristics have been used to study variations in different population groups and ancestries by researchers. The aim is to enquire whether an individual can be identified as belonging to Rajput or Brahmin ancestry based upon digital dermatoglyphics. Besides, whether the digital dermatoglyphic features can be utilized for the identification of a living or dead. The study was conducted on 512 healthy young adults residing in Districts Shimla and Solan of Himachal Pradesh state of north India. The rolled and plain prints of the finger balls were taken on a specially designed ten fingerprint card. The manual analysis involved identification of the pattern types using Henry’s classification. For the analysis, core, triradii, and type lines were marked on the print and further, the ridge counts and indices were calculated. Appropriate statistical tests such as Shapiro-Wilk test, Mann-Whitney U test, Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test and Simple Correspondence Analysis (CA) were applied to the data for achieving the aim of the study. The most commonly occurring patterns are Loops followed by whorls, composites and finally arches in both the ethnic groups. Digit wise frequency is also reported in both the ethnic groups. The overall mean values of Furuhata’s Index, Dankmeijer’s Index, and Pattern Intensity Index are 140.85 and 155.20, 12.44 and 20.49, 13.74 and 13.64 for Rajputs and Brahmins respectively. All the three indices being calculated showed statistically insignificant (p > 0.05) differences for the Rajputs and Brahmins using Mann-Whitney U test Moreover, the Total Finger Ridge count and Absolute Finger Ridge count showed statistically significant bilateral differences (p < 0.05) in Rajputs using the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test. However, for Brahmins, only TFRC showed statistically significant bilateral differences. The significant association has been observed between the pattern types and finger digits using Correspondence Analysis. It has been concluded that such dermatoglyphic characteristics seem to be confined to ancestry identification, not individual identification. The results highlighting the sex, racial affinity, and bilateral differences may be further useful in the identification of two ancestries. The distribution of fingerprint patterns has been found to be varying amongst the different population groups across the globe. Hence, this knowledge becomes crucially important in forensic investigations. The present study was conducted on 480 healthy and consenting Muslim individuals (240 males and 240 females) from Maharashtra State in India. The aims were to determine the frequency distribution of various fingerprint patterns; establish the most and least predominant patterns; and to find out whether any statistically significant gender differences exist. Rolled finger impressions taken in duplicate on fingerprint identification slips were analysed twice by both the authors independently (so as to eliminate any error in the classification due to inter-observer and intra-observer variations). The distribution of patterns was found to be in the following order: ulnar loop (max) > spiral whorl > twinned loop > central pocket loop > concentric whorl > tented arch > plain arch > radial loop > lateral pocket > accidental (min). Applying the t -test to the obtained results, gender differences were found to be statistically insignificant ( p > 0.05). Various dermatoglyphic indices (Pattern Intensity Index, Dankmeijer’s Index and Furuhata’s Index) were calculated and compared to the available data in various other ethnic groups and populations. A new ‘Combined Pattern Index’, is proposed. Fingerprints have considerable value in morphological, biological, anthropological and forensic studies. Fingerprints collected from the crime scene and from the items of evidence of crime have been successfully used to identify suspects, victims or any other person who had touched the surface in question. The thickness of epidermal ridges varies between individuals; females are supposed to have finer ridges than males and therefore a greater ridge density. The present research is an attempt to distinguish sex from fingerprint ridge density in the radial, ulnar and lower areas of a fingerprint in a North Indian population. A total of 194 individuals (97 males and 97 females) aged between 18 and 25 years were included in the study and fingerprints were collected from each finger of the participants. Thus, a total of 1940 fingerprints were obtained and epidermal ridges were counted in the radial, ulnar, and lower areas of each fingerprint. The radial and ulnar areas are the 5 mm × 5 mm areas on the radial and ulnar side of the central core respectively while the lower area is designated as 5 mm × 5 mm area adjoining the flexion crease of the terminal phalanx on a fingerprint. The fingerprint ridge density in radial, ulnar and lower areas and between sexes was compared statistically using t -test. The results indicate that the females tend to have a significantly higher ridge density than males in the three areas analyzed in the study. The fingerprint ridge density in the ulnar and radial areas of the fingerprints is significantly higher than the lower area. The present study suggests that the fingerprint ridge density can be a relevant and useful morphological parameter in distinguishing sex of a latent fingerprint of unknown origin from the scene of crime. The findings can also be useful in identification of mutilated remains when a dismembered hand is brought for medico-legal examination.

Fingerprints are distinct physical characteristics that remain unchanged throughout an individual’s lifetime. This study derived Filipino-specific probability formulae from fingerprints to be used for sex discrimination in human identification cases. Ridge density from three different areas – distal radial area, distal ulnar area, and proximal area – as well as white line counts from fingerprints of 200 male and 200 female Filipinos were collected and analyzed statistically. Ridge densities of radial and ulnar areas emerged as displaying significant differences between the sexes, with 16 ridges/25 mm 2 or more in radial area and 15 ridges/25 mm 2 or more in ulnar area being more likely to be female, whereas 13 ridges/25 mm 2 or less in radial area and 12 ridges/25 mm 2 or less in ulnar area were more likely to be male. A white line count of 0 was more likely to be male while a white line count of 2 or more was more likely to be female. The results of this study show sex differences in Filipino fingerprints and support the observation of previous studies that females have finer ridges than males. The paper contains a proposal for a simple way of measuring the morphological diversity of patterns on fingers. The mono/polymorphism index ( I mp ) is the sum of 45 mutual absolute differences between the numerical values of the patterns depending on their degree of morphological complexity. Wendt’s 7-degree scale was used to quantify the patterns. The value I mp = 0 denotes monomorphism, i.e., the presence of the same type of pattern on all the fingers of both hands, while high values denote a mosaic of patterns of diverse morphology (polymorphism). Elements of the individual values of the I mp index comprise mutual homolateral differences (10 differences for the fingers of the left hand and 10 differences for the right), on the basis of which an assessment was made between the sides of the body, and additionally 25 heterolateral differences. Generally, greater degree of morphological diversity in patterns is found in males, and on the fingers of the right hand in both sexes. The arithmetic mean of the I mp index differs significantly between males (55.17) and females (52.08). Its values are not directly related to the degree of morphological complexity of patterns included in the Wendt’s index. There were found, however, intra-familial connections for this trait. In light of the values of the indices of correlation and association, it may be concluded that there are relatively weak but statistically significant parents-offspring relations, as well as between siblings. An objective way to determine the values of the I mp index would make it possible to use it both for the morphological characterization of dermatoglyphs in different populations and also in clinical, auxological and genetic research. A fluorescent nanocomposite based on the inclusion of CdSe quantum dots in porous phosphate heterostructures, functionalized with amino groups (PPH-NH 2 @CdSe), was synthesized, characterized and used for fingerprint detection. The main scopes of this work were first to develop a friendly chemical powder for detecting latent fingerprints, especially in non-porous surfaces; their further intercalation in PPH structure enables not to spread the fluorescent nanoparticles, for that reason very good fluorescent images can be obtained. The fingerprints, obtained on different non-porous surfaces such as iron tweezers, mobile telephone screen and magnetic band of a credit card, treated with this powder emit a pale orange luminescence under ultraviolet excitation. A further image processing consists of contrast enhancement that allows obtaining positive matches according to the information supplied from a police database, and showed to be more effective than that obtained with the non-processed images. Experimental results illustrate the effectiveness of proposed methods. In recent times, some studies have explored the forensic application of dermatoglyphic traits such as the epidermal ridge breadth or ridge density (RD) toward the inference of sex and population from fingerprints of unknown origin, as it has been demonstrated that there exist significant differences of fingerprints between sexes and between populations. Part of the population differences found between these studies could be of methodological nature, due both to the lack of standardisation in the position of the counting area, as well as to the differences in the method used for obtaining the fingerprint. Therefore, the aim of this study was to check whether there are differences between the RD of fingerprints depending on where the counting area is placed and how the fingerprints are obtained. Fingerprints of each finger were obtained from 102 adult Spanish subjects (50 females and 52 males), using two methods (plain and rolled). The ridge density of each fingerprint was assessed in five different areas of the dactylogram: two closer to the core area (one on the radial and the other on the ulnar side), two closer to the outermost area of each of the sides (radial and ulnar), and another one in the proximal region of the fingertip. Regardless of the method used and of the position of the counting area, thumbs and forefingers show a higher RD than middle, ring, and little fingers in both sexes, and females present a higher RD than males in all areas and fingers. In both males and females, RD values on the core region are higher than those on the outer region, irrespective of the technique of fingerprinting used (rolled or plain). Regardless of the sex and location of the count area (core or outer), the rolled fingerprints exhibit RD greater than that of the plain ones in both radial and proximal areas, whereas the trend is inverted in the ulnar area, where rolled fingerprints demonstrate RD lesser than that of the plain ones. Therefore, in order for the results of different studies to be comparable, it is necessary to standardise the position of the count area and to use the same method of obtaining the fingerprint, especially when involving a forensic application. In this paper, non-conjugated organosilicone fluorescent nanoparticles (Si-NPs) were synthesized by the Stöber method. The Si-NPs have a diameter of approximately 30 nm, uniform particle size, and a quantum yield of up to 70.6% ultra-bright blue light emission. The prepared non-conjugated siloxane fluorescent small molecule is covalently bonded to the silica matrix. The Si-NPs exhibited excellent stability in ultraviolet irradiation and a wide pH range, and their improved stable optical properties are attributable to the protection of the silica matrix. In addition, the effectiveness of Si-NPs for potential fingerprint detection on a variety of substrates is demonstrated. Clear optical/fluorescent images of the ridges and spaces with high contrast and resolution are obtained because the particle size of the obtained Si-NPs is much smaller than the width of the fingerprint ridges. Fingerprints are considered to be one of the most reliable methods of identification. Identification of an individual plays a vital part of any medico-legal investigations. Dermatoglyphics is a branch of science that studies epidermal ridges and ridge patterns. Epidermal ridges are polygenic characteristics that form intrauterine 10–18 weeks and considered fully developed by the sixth month of fetal growth. Fingerprints are permanent morphological characteristics and criminal detection based on fingerprints is based on the principle that no two people can have identical fingerprints. Sex determination from fingerprints has been examined in different population. In this study we aimed to study fingerprint ridge density in Turkish population sample of Baskent University students. Fingerprints were obtained from 118 women, 88 men a total of 206 students aged between 17 and 28 years old by means of simple inking method. Fingerprints from all right and left hands fingers were collected in three different area of each. The ridges on fingerprints were counted diagonally on squares measuring 5 mm × 5 mm on radial, ulnar and inferior areas. The fingerprint ridge density in radial, ulnar and inferior areas and between sexes was compared statistically Mann Whitney U test and Friedman test. The ridge density was significantly greater in women in every region studied and in all fingers when compared to men. The fingerprint ridge density in the ulnar and radial areas of the fingerprints was significantly greater than the lower area. Fingerprint ridge density can be used by medico-legal examination for sex identification.

: Study of fingerprint classification and their gender distribution among South Indian population
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Who invented the first lipstick tube?

Early 20th Century Boom – By the time the 20th century came around, lipstick had gone in and out of fashion more times than anyone could count around various cultures throughout the world. Sometimes it was seen as crass and low-class, and other times, the very height of fashion.

• Often, trends of the upper class would decide this.
• By the 1890’s, Carmine had been added to the lipstick formula and made it look far more natural.
• In 1915, an American man named Maurice Levy invented the metal lipstick tube, but not yet a twist-up one-this one had a small tab to push the lipstick up and down.

Regardless, this invention kicked off the mass production of lipstick as we know it today. Market-standard brands like Estée Lauder, Chanel, and Revlon all got their starts around this time, and the lipstick market began to boom. In 1923, the swivel-up lipstick we all know and love was patented by James Bruce Mason Jr.
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Did ancient Egypt have lipstick?

How ancient Egyptian cosmetics influenced our beauty rituals This article was published in partnership with Artsy, the global platform for discovering and collecting art. The original article can be seen, The opinions expressed in this commentary are solely those of the author.

The mysteries of the ancient Egyptians are vast, but their beauty tricks are no secret. Makeup might seem like a modern phenomenon – one that has grown into a multi-billion-dollar industry – but cosmetics were equally important to daily life in the ancient world. From the earliest era of the Egyptian empire, men and women from all social classes liberally applied eyeliner, eyeshadow, lipstick and rouge.

The perceived seductiveness of Egyptian civilization has a lot to do with how we’ve glamorized its two most famous queens: Cleopatra and Nefertiti. In 1963, Elizabeth Taylor defined the chic Egyptian look when she portrayed Cleopatra in the eponymous epic.

1. In 2017, Rihanna (herself a makeup magnate) perfected it when she paid tribute to Nefertiti on the cover of Vogue Arabia.
2. In their homages, both beauty icons wore saturated blue eyeshadow and thick, dark eyeliner.
3. Yet ancient Egyptians didn’t only apply makeup to enhance their appearances – cosmetics also had practical uses, ritual functions, or symbolic meanings.

Still, they took their beauty routines seriously: The hieroglyphic term for makeup artist derives from the root “sesh,” which translates to write or engrave, suggesting that a lot of skill was required to apply “kohl” or lipstick (as anyone who has tried to emulate beauty tutorials on YouTube can attest). A detail of a painting from the tomb of Nakht depicting three ladies at a feast. They wear perfumed cones in their hair and elaborate necklaces. Credit: Werner Forman/Universal Images Group Editorial/UIG via Getty Images She might exfoliate with Dead Sea salts or luxuriate in a milk bath – milk-and-honey face masks were popular treatments.

She could apply incense pellets to her underarms as deodorant, and floral- or spice-infused oils to soften her skin. Egyptians also invented a natural method of waxing with a mixture of honey and sugar. “Sugaring,” as it’s called today, has been revived by beauty companies as a less painful alternative to hot wax.

After all this, a servant would bring in the many ingredients and tools necessary to create and apply her makeup. These apparatuses, containers and applicators were themselves lavish art objects that communicated social status. Calcite jars held makeup or unguents and perfumes and containers for eye paint and oils were crafted from expensive materials like glass, gold or semi-precious stones. Cosmetic Spoon in the Shape of Swimming Woman Holding a Dish, ca.1390-1352 B.C. Credit: The Metropolitan Museum of Art These symbols represented rebirth and regeneration, and the act of grinding pigments on an animal palette was thought to grant the wearer special capabilities by overcoming the creature’s power.

(Members of the lower classes used more modest tools when applying their own makeup.) The servant would create eyeshadow by mixing powdered malachite with animal fat or vegetable oils. While the lady sat at her toilette, before a polished bronze “mirror,” the servant would use a long ivory stick – perhaps carved with an image of the goddess Hathor – to sweep on the rich green pigment.

Just as women do today, eyeshadow would be followed with a thick line of black kohl around her eyes. This part of the routine had practical purposes beyond beautifying the wearer. Kohl was used by both sexes and all social classes to protect the eyes from the intense glare of the desert sun. Combs with Carved Animals, ca.3900-3500 B.C. Credit: The Metropolitan Museum of Art The final touches to this lady’s makeup would, of course, be red lipstick – a classic look even today. To make the paint, ochre was typically blended with animal fat or vegetable oil, though Cleopatra was known to crush beetles for her perfect shade of red. Tweezer-Razor, ca.1560-1479 B.C. Credit: The Metropolitan Museum of Art In death, too, personal appearance was crucial to Egyptian identity. Burial sites uncovered from the very beginning of the society’s history, in pre-dynastic times, show that it was common for Egyptians to include everyday items like combs, scented ointments, jewelry and cosmetics in the graves of men, women and children (many graves have been found with makeup still inside them). Cosmetic Dish in the Shape of a Trussed Duck, ca.1353-1327 B.C. Credit: The Metropolitan Museum of Art In fact, mummification itself followed many of the daily self-care rituals Egyptians followed while alive. Unguents for softening the skin took on religious significance when they were used to anoint the body, and even cosmetics were sometimes applied.
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Who is the father of lipstick?

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Hazel Bishop
Bishop applying lipstick, 1969
Born	Hazel Gladys Bishop August 17, 1906 Hoboken, New Jersey
Died	December 5, 1998 (aged 92) Rye, New York
Nationality	American
Education	Barnard College (Graduated 1929)
Occupation	Chemist
Employer(s)	Hazel Bishop, Inc.
Known for	Lipstick
Parent(s)	Henry and Mabel Bishop

Hazel Gladys Bishop (August 17, 1906 – December 5, 1998) was an American chemist and the founder of the cosmetics company Hazel Bishop, Inc. She was the inventor of the first long-lasting lipstick,
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What is the origin of lip stain?

Lip stains originate back to ancient Egypt where crushed beetles and henna served as temporary dye that would stain people’s lips to add a touch of color. The beetles and henna gave a purple and red shade that became very popular.
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Do Koreans use lip stain?

Why Do Koreans Use Lip Tint? – Lip tints are a staple for Koreans. They are popular because they can give you intense color without feeling heavy or dry on the lips. Korean lip tint formulas are long-lasting, so you don’t have to touch up as much as other lip products.
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Who created the lipstick effect?

Lipstick effect is a term used to refer to a situation where consumers still manage to buy a luxury product like lipstick, amid an economic crisis. When there is a recession, consumers are expected to focus their purchase on goods that don’t impact their already limited income.

However, some consumers still have the cash to buy luxury items like premium lipstick. Back to : ECONOMIC ANALYSIS & MONETARY POLICY The reason why fast-food restaurants, including movie complexes, perform well during a recession is lipstick effect. Cash-strapped consumers would want to reward themselves with something that helps them to forget their financial problems.

People may not afford a holiday in exclusive places, but they can still manage a night out at an affordable place. The psychology behind the lipstick effect is that amid the economic crisis, most consumers will still afford luxury goods. They are able to fulfill their luxurious needs without straining financially.

In the cosmetic market, women would still afford to buy premium lipstick. Other markets like the alcohol market also sell their most expensive drinks during a recession. The term lipstick effect was coined by Leonard Lauder a former Estée Lauder chairman, following the bursting of the dot-com bubble which sent the U.S.

economy into recession in 2000. During the Terrorism attack of 2001 in the United States, Lauder noticed that his company still managed to sell lipstick more than usual. He realized that women resolved to buy products like lipstick in the place of other costlier luxury items.

Lauder then concluded that lipstick is a contrary indicator of an economy. Compared to other economic indicators, the lipstick effect makes sense as it has its basis on economic theory. Lipstick, as well as other small beauty items, is not lesser products. Nonetheless, to consumers, such items are little luxuries they use as a substitute for big luxurious items.

One major disadvantage of the lipstick indicator is that lipstick sales data, including sales for similar products, are not easy for the public to access. For this reason, it is not practically useful to regular investors not unless they are able to track sales from lipstick.

In theory, lipstick sales may be difficult to predict, especially when sales of every item contract simultaneously. A lipstick effect testing was done by economists in 2009 using statistical analysis. A conclusion reached, based on the data collected by Kline & Company, the effect was overestimated. According to Mintel, a marketing research company, the lip products fell by 3% during the great recession.

Some economic experts project that the popularity of other products in the cosmetic market is bound to reduce lipstick sales. Amid this shift in the beauty products, the lipstick effect as an economic indicator is slowly losing its relevance. Related Topics

Total utility Marginal Utility Diminishing Marginal Utility Marginal Utility per Dollar Rule of Maximizing Utility Consumption Consumer Goods Changes in Income Affect Consumer Choices Changes in Price Affect Consumer Choices Substitution Effect Income Effect Budget Constraints Create Demand Curves Lifecycle Model of Consumption Autonomous Consumption Permanent Income Hypothesis Lipstick Effect Engel’s Law Consumerism Paradox of Thrift Ricardo Barro Effect Consumer Confidence Index The Wealth Effect Behavioral Economics

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When was the lipstick case invented?

Everyday Icon #4 Lipstick Another look at the often overlooked You may be surprised to learn that the phrase ‘the generation gap’ wasn’t invented in the 1950s as post-war parents raised the first quizical eyebrow at the exploits of their rock ‘n’ roll, fashion and film-loving teenage kids.

In actual fact its origins can be traced further back, to 1925 in fact, when it was used by a marketing company to describe the disparity between a mother and daughter’s use of lipstick. In the 100 years or so prior to the 20th century, lipstick use had been frowned upon as the preserve of prostitutes and certain kinds of actresses.

In Britain it had been deemed “impolite” by Queen Victoria and, although previously worn by women (and in some countries men) for thousands of years, had fallen largely out of favour with the genteel classes. All that was soon to change thanks, in part, to the women’s suffrage movement.

1. In the US, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Charlotte Perkins Gilman dabbed on bright red lipstick to symbolise their independence from men.
2. The New York Suffragette Rally of 1912 rally was a turning point, with many attendees wearing lipstick in a mass reappropriation of the look, not unlike the SlutWalks that began in Canada this April and quickly spread across the globe.

This era of emancipation coincided with a revolution in the packaging of cosmetics. French company Guerlain put colour into a stick in 1912 and three years later, in 1915, Maurice Levy of the Scovil Manufacturing Company in Waterbury, Connecticut came up with the clincher – an innovative metal case, resembling a bullet, and capable of mass-production, to contain the previously messy business of lipstick application. Maurice Levy’s 1915 design not only put lipstick in a tube, but also had a lever on the side to make it easier to apply These first ‘Levy Tubes” were two inches long and had a plain dipped-nickel finish. A slide lever on the side enabled the gradual progress of the lipstick up the barrel – this however, was soon replaced by a screw thread inside to push the lipstick up.

• The new product was affordable, adorning the lips of both society women and those in employment.
• However, its contents still became somewhat rancid a few hours after application made, as they were, from a traditional recipe of crushed insects, beeswax, and olive oil.
• Enter into the frame a Polish cosmetician called Maksymillian Factorowicz (try shortening that name) who was working with greasepaint as a solution for actresses whose lipstick ran under the hot studio lights demanded by emerging film technology.

Dedicated cosmetic packaging and advertising followed with Maybelline mascara and within years a male to female ratio skewed by World War 1 (there weren’t enough men to go round) created a new emphasis on sexual beauty and helped make make up a hit. There’s a footnote to this.
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What is the history of lip stain?

Lip stains originate back to ancient Egypt where crushed beetles and henna served as temporary dye that would stain people’s lips to add a touch of color. The beetles and henna gave a purple and red shade that became very popular.
View complete answer

When were lipstick tubes invented?

Early 20th Century Boom – By the time the 20th century came around, lipstick had gone in and out of fashion more times than anyone could count around various cultures throughout the world. Sometimes it was seen as crass and low-class, and other times, the very height of fashion.

• Often, trends of the upper class would decide this.
• By the 1890’s, Carmine had been added to the lipstick formula and made it look far more natural.
• In 1915, an American man named Maurice Levy invented the metal lipstick tube, but not yet a twist-up one-this one had a small tab to push the lipstick up and down.

Regardless, this invention kicked off the mass production of lipstick as we know it today. Market-standard brands like Estée Lauder, Chanel, and Revlon all got their starts around this time, and the lipstick market began to boom. In 1923, the swivel-up lipstick we all know and love was patented by James Bruce Mason Jr.
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What studies lip prints?

Thus, lip prints can be used to verify the presence or absence of a person at the scene of crime. The wrinkles and grooves on labial mucosa called as sulci labiorum form a characteristic pattern called ′lip prints′ and the study of which is referred to as chieloscopy.
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